“…The development of intelligent robots capable of autonomous navigation in unknown environments is the primary focus of mobile robot navigation. It is a multidisciplinary field that combines techniques and technologies from robotics (Hichri et al, 2021;Nguyen & Vu, 2022;Thuan et al, 2023), computer vision (Marroquín et al, 2023), machine learning (Geng et al, 2018;Xiao et al, 2022), and control theory (Ren et al, 2022;Shang et al, 2021). The ultimate objective of mobile robot navigation research is to create automated systems that can operate safely and efficiently in real-world environments, performing tasks such as exploration, surveillance, delivery, and transportation.…”