A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: I—effects on incentive motivation

Dawkins, Lynne; Powell, J. Enoch; West, Robert; Powell, John; Pickering, Alan D.

doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0588-8

Cited by 89 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This measure was depressed during acute abstinence in the present sample (Dawkins et al, 2006), consistent with down-regulation of their reward system. We conjectured that if abstainers experience this state (apathy) as aversive, they might experience heightened temptation to smoke in order to restore normal hedonic tone or drive state and hence be at elevated risk of relapse.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Consequently our group has previously hypothesised that acute (10-12 hours) abstinence from smoking should be associated with a straightforward reduction in smokers' reactivity to non-drug stimuli compared to their reactivity after consuming nicotine via cigarette or lozenge. We have found abstinence to be associated with diminished behavioural responses to financial incentive (Al-Adawi & Powell, 1997;Dawkins et al, 2006), reduced anticipation of enjoying everyday pleasures , less attentional bias towards pleasure-related words Dawkins et al, 2006), and decreased mood 'uplift' in response to positively toned film clips . Similarly, Cook et al (2007) reported that nicotine facilitated positive mood induction in anhedonic smokers.…”

Section: Salience Attribution Attentional and Motivational Responsesmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…This prospective investigation of relapse predictors was part of a larger project (Dawkins et al, 2006(Dawkins et al, , 2009) in which 141 smokers were assessed after overnight abstinence on two occasions a week apart, prior to commencement of an unaided quit attempt. Immediately before each assessment they consumed lozenges containing 4 mg or 0 mg nicotine (order counterbalanced; double-blind).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We focused on errors rather than speed given our previous finding (Dawkins et al, 2006) that acute abstinence affected the former but not the latter.…”

Section: Subsequent Experimental Measures Comprisedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

et al. 2010

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Rationale: Neurobiological models of addiction suggest that abnormalities of brain reward circuitry distort salience attribution and inhibitory control processes, which in turn contribute to high relapse rates. Objectives:To determine whether impairments of salience attribution and inhibitory control predict relapse in a pharmacologically unaided attempt at smoking cessation.Methods: 141 smokers were assessed on indices of nicotine consumption / dependence (e.g. the FTND, cigarettes per day, salivary cotinine), and three trait impulsivity measures. After overnight abstinence they completed experimental tests of cue reactivity, attentional bias to smoking cues, response to financial reward, motor impulsiveness, and response inhibition (antisaccades). They then started a quit attempt with follow-up after 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months; abstinence was verified via salivary cotinine levels ≤ 20ng/ml. Results:Relapse rates at each point were 52.5%, 64% and 76.3%. The strongest predictor was pre-cessation salivary cotinine; other smoking / dependence indices did not explain additional outcome variance and neither did trait impulsivity. All experimental indices except responsivity to financial reward significantly predicted one week outcome. Salivary cotinine, attentional bias to smoking cues and antisaccade errors explained unique as well as shared variance. At one and three months, salivary cotinine, motor impulsiveness and cue reactivity were all individually predictive; the effects of salivary cotinine and motor impulsiveness were additive.Conclusions: These data provide some support for the involvement of abnormal cognitive and motivational processes in sustaining smoking dependence and suggest that they might be a focus of interventions, especially in the early stages of cessation.2

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Salience Attribution Attentional and Motivational Responsesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We focused on errors rather than speed given our previous finding (Dawkins et al, 2006) that acute abstinence affected the former but not the latter.…”

Section: Subsequent Experimental Measures Comprisedmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

et al. 2010

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“…Although we did not probe further, this may be because it cannot be confused with a conventional cigarette by observers who disapprove of smoking. Alternatively, it may be because cigarette related cues can also act as conditioned stimuli [32], increasing craving [33] and the probability of smoking [34]. Cigarette-like cues clearly have different meanings for different individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes: predictors of choice and effects on urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms

et al. 2014

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2) determine whether a second generation device was i) superior for reducing urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms (WS) and ii) associated with enhanced positive subjective effects. Design:Mixed effects experimental design. Phase 1: reason for e-cigarette choice was assessed via questionnaire. Phase 2: participants were randomly allocated to first or second generation e-cigarette condition. Urge to smoke and WS were measured before, and 10mins after, taking 10 e-cigarette accounted for choice. Only baseline urge to smoke/WS predicted urge to smoke/WS 10 minutes after use (B=0.38; P<0.001 and B=0.53; P<0.001). E-cigarette device was not a significant predictor. Those using the second generation device were more likely to report satisfaction and use in a quit attempt (χ 2 =12.10, P=0.001 and χ 2 =5.53, P=0.02). Conclusions: First and second generation e-cigarettes appear to be similarly effective in reducing urge to smoke and WS during abstinence but second generation devices appear to be more satisfying to users.2

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Pharmacological, sensorimotor, and expectancy effects on tobacco withdrawal: a preliminary study

Guillot

Stone

Geary

et al. 2015

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objective Research designs for parsing the mechanisms underlying tobacco withdrawal are scant. This study introduced a novel research design that simultaneously manipulated three tobacco withdrawal mechanisms: pharmacological (nicotine dissipation), sensorimotor (elimination of the smoking ritual), and expectancy (activation of beliefs regarding the effects of nicotine deprivation), permitting examination of the effects of each mechanism while holding the other two mechanisms constant. Methods Following overnight abstinence, 32 regular cigarette smokers were randomized in a 2 (Expectancy: Told Patch contains nicotine vs. Told Placebo Patch) × 2 (Drug: Receive 21 mg transdermal Nicotine Patch vs. Receive Placebo Patch) × 2 (Sensorimotor: Smoke Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes vs. No Smoking) full factorial between-subjects design. Participants repeatedly completed measures of craving, affect, and anticipated pleasure from and desire for rewarding experiences, followed by a smoking lapse analogue task. Results Receiving nicotine (vs. placebo) increased positive affect and anticipated pleasure from and desire for reward. Expecting nicotine (vs. placebo) reduced negative affect and increased smoking delay. Sensorimotor stimulation from smoking (vs. no smoking) reduced smoking urge and behavior. Conclusion Results provided initial validation of this novel three-mechanism design. This design can be used in the future to advance understanding and treatment of tobacco withdrawal.

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A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: I—effects on incentive motivation

Cited by 89 publications

References 53 publications

Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

First‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes: predictors of choice and effects on urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms

Pharmacological, sensorimotor, and expectancy effects on tobacco withdrawal: a preliminary study

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