A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled oral challenge study with lyophilized larvae and antigen of the fish parasite, <i>Anisakis simplex</i>

Sastre, Joaquı́n; Lluch-Bernal, M; Quirce, Santiago; Arrieta, Ignacio; Lahoz, Carlos; Amo, Á. del; Fernández-Caldas, Enrique; Marañón, F

doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00422.x

Cited by 64 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…These recommendations were based on A. simplex fish parasitology studies (11,251), and for very severe cases (anaphylaxis), a strict diet with complete avoidance of fish is recommended (27,29,107). In contrast, other authors consider that with specific reference to gastrointestinal allergy, the parasite may be consumed if it is dead, based on patient follow-up and oral challenge test with dead L3 (9,240).…”

Section: Dietary Guidelines For Allergic Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity

2008

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SUMMARY Infection of humans with the nematode worm parasite Anisakis simplex was first described in the 1960s in association with the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. During the 1990s it was realized that even the ingestion of dead worms in food fish can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, that these may be more prevalent than infection itself, and that this outcome could be associated with food preparations previously considered safe. Not only may allergic symptoms arise from infection by the parasites (“gastroallergic anisakiasis”), but true anaphylactic reactions can also occur following exposure to allergens from dead worms by food-borne, airborne, or skin contact routes. This review discusses A. simplex pathogenesis in humans, covering immune hypersensitivity reactions both in the context of a living infection and in terms of exposure to its allergens by other routes. Over the last 20 years, several studies have concentrated on A. simplex antigen characterization and innate as well as adaptive immune response to this parasite. Molecular characterization of Anisakis allergens and isolation of their encoding cDNAs is now an active field of research that should provide improved diagnostic tools in addition to tools with which to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and controversial aspects of A. simplex allergy. We also discuss the potential relevance of parasite products such as allergens, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors and the activation of basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the induction of A. simplex-related immune hypersensitivity states induced by exposure to the parasite, dead or alive.

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Section: Dietary Guidelines For Allergic Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity

2008

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“…Another characteristic of Anisakis-induced allergy is that either the ES allergens [12] or the allergens stored inside dead larvae [13][14][15] when administered to previously sensitized patients by the oral route. These results suggest that: (i) immunization against clinically relevant Anisakis allergens is only possible during the course of an active infection; and (ii) that these allergens are destroyed during the digestion process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TheAnisakis simplexAni s 7 major allergen as an indicator of trueAnisakisinfections

Anadón

Romarís

Escalante

et al. 2009

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SummaryAni s 7 is currently the most important excretory/secretory (ES) Anisakis simplex allergen, as it is the only one recognized by 100% of infected patients. The allergenicity of this molecule is due mainly to the presence of a novel CX17-25CX9-22CX8CX6 tandem repeat motif not seen in any previously reported protein. In this study we used this allergen as a model to investigate how ES allergens are recognized during Anisakis infections, and the usefulness of a recombinant fragment of Ani s 7 allergen (t-Ani s 7) as a marker of true Anisakis infections. The possible antigenic relationship between native Ani s 7 (nAni s 7) from Anisakis and Pseudoterranova decipens antigens was also investigated. Our results demonstrate that nAni s 7 is secreted and recognized by the immune system of rats only when the larvae are alive (i.e. during the acute phase of infection), and that this molecule is not present in, or is antigenically different from, Pseudoterranova allergens. The t-Ani s 7 polypeptide is a useful target for differentiating immunoglobulin E antibodies induced by true Anisakis infections from those induced by other antigens that may crossreact with Anisakis allergens, including P. decipiens. The results also support the hypothesis that the Ani s 7 major allergen does not participate in maintaining the antigenic stimulus during chronic infections.

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“…In the case of human anisakiasis, this would be a hopeless attempt to destroy hostile barriers (intestinal wall, etc) to search for the missed suitable environment, because they cannot develop within terrestrial mammalians. Consequently, the type I allergic reaction takes at least 2 to 6 hours to be triggered by alive larvae, while the ingestion of lyophilized larvae, or its equivalent in antigen, does not induce clinical symptoms in sensitized individuals [42,43]. A similar scenario develops also within paratenic hosts during larvae migration in different visceral organs, like in case of Toxocara canis [44].…”

Section: Host-parasite Interaction and Parasito-sis-urticaria Relatiomentioning

confidence: 97%

Urticaria as Symptom of Parasite Migration Through the Biological Barriers

Bakiri¹

2011

TOALLJ

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Abstract:The absence of a consistent link between parasitoses and urticarial symptoms in the clinical investigations contrasts to the fact that some parasites are the most potent inducers of immunoglobulin E that exist in nature. To shed some light into this question, this review is focused on the actual knowledge regarding parasites life cycle, interactions with host immunity, the influence on host behavior, and finally the role of all these factors on the urticaria development. The collected data demonstrate that parasites could manipulate the host behavior for its own benefit in different ways, inducing urticarial reactions during penetration into different biological barriers. In this context, urticaria may be associated with certain stages of the parasites' life cycle or with host tissue location, but not necessarily only with their presence in the host organism. As compared to T helper (Th) 1, the Th2 response, the eosinophilic infiltration and the complement inhibition could assure a more pleasant surrounding area for the development of some parasites. Taken together, these concepts could explain the epidemiological discrepancy between low rates of urticaria occurrence, and the usual parasites-induced Th2 response. However, further studies are necessary to provide better-based conclusions.

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A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled oral challenge study with lyophilized larvae and antigen of the fish parasite, Anisakis simplex

Cited by 64 publications

References 17 publications

Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity

Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity

TheAnisakis simplexAni s 7 major allergen as an indicator of trueAnisakisinfections

Urticaria as Symptom of Parasite Migration Through the Biological Barriers

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