A Double-Selective Tissue Culture System for Isolation of Wild-Type Poliovirus from Sewage Applied in a Long-Term Environmental Surveillance

Manor, Yossi; Handsher, Rachel; Halmut, T.; Neuman, Mina; Abramovitz, B.; Mates, A; Mendelson, Ella

doi:10.1128/aem.65.4.1794-1797.1999

Cited by 32 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Environmental studies in most countries have been impeded by the continuous presence of typical OPVderived strains in wastewaters. However, the availability of efficient methods to select for atypical OPV-derived environmental isolates (13) opens the way to assess the possible broader significance of the findings reported here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of a Highly Evolved Derivative of the Type 2 Oral Poliovaccine Strain Isolated from Sewage in Israel

et al. 2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An unusual, highly diverged derivative of the Sabin type 2 oral poliovaccine (OPV) strain was recovered from environmental samples during routine screening for wild polioviruses. Virus was cultivated in L20B cells and then passaged on BGM cells at 40°C (RCT [reproductive capacity at supraoptimal temperature]-positive marker) to select against most OPV strains. All but 1 of 25 RCT-positive OPV-derived environmental isolates were antigenically and genetically (>99.5% VP1 sequence match) similar to the respective Sabin strains. However, isolate PV2/4568-1/ISR98 (referred to below as 4568-1) escaped neutralization with Sabin 2-specific monoclonal antibodies and cross-adsorbed sera, and had multiple nucleotide substitutions (220 of 2,646; 8.3%) in the P1 capsid region. Fourteen of the 44 associated amino acid substitutions in the capsid mapped to neutralizing antigenic sites. Neutralizing titers in the sera of 50 Israeli children 15 years old were significantly lower to 4568-1 (geometric mean titer [GMT], 47) than to Sabin 2 (GMT, 162) or to the prototype wild strain, PV2/MEF-1/EGY42 (GMT, 108). Two key attenuating sites had also reverted in 4568-1 (A 481 to G in the 5 untranslated region and the VP1 amino acid I 143 to T), and the isolate was highly neurovirulent for transgenic mice expressing the poliovirus receptor (PVR-Tg21 mice). The extensive genetic divergence of 4568-1 from the parental Sabin 2 strain suggested that the virus had replicated in one or more people for ϳ6 years. The presence in the environment of a highly evolved, neurovirulent OPV-derived poliovirus in the absence of polio cases has important implications for strategies for the cessation of immunization with OPV following global polio eradication.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus strain characterization. Virus typing and intratypic differentiation (ITD) were carried out by standard methods (5,13,14). Further strain characterization was done by dot blot hybridization using RNA probes (6).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of a Highly Evolved Derivative of the Type 2 Oral Poliovaccine Strain Isolated from Sewage in Israel

et al. 2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To overcome problems of high background from nonpolio enteroviruses and vaccine poliovirus we have developed a double-selective protocol, which includes propagation of virus isolates in HEp-2 cells (selection against nonpolio enteroviruses) at 40°C (selection against vaccine poliovirus). This protocol obviated the need to analyze irrelevant isolates and allowed us to effectively screen thousands of sewage samples without much effort (20,31). In addition, AFP surveillance has been implemented since 1994.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Poliovirus Circulation by Environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical Cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority

et al. 1999

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The global eradication of poliomyelitis, believed to be achievable around the year 2000, relies on strategies which include high routine immunization coverage and mass vaccination campaigns, along with continuous monitoring of wild-type virus circulation by using the laboratory-based acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. Israel and the Palestinian Authority are located in a geographical region in which poliovirus is still endemic but have been free of poliomyelitis since 1988 as a result of intensive immunization programs and mass vaccination campaigns. To monitor the wild-type virus circulation, environmental surveillance of sewage samples collected monthly from 25 to 30 sites across the country was implemented in 1989 and AFP surveillance began in 1994. The sewage samples were processed in the laboratory with a double-selective tissue culture system, which enabled economical processing of large number of samples. Between 1989 and 1997, 2,294 samples were processed, and wild-type poliovirus was isolated from 17 of them in four clusters, termed “silent outbreaks,” in September 1990 (type 3), between May and September 1991 (type 1), between October 1994 and June 1995 (type 1), and in December 1996 (type 1). Fifteen of the 17 positive samples were collected in the Gaza Strip, 1 was collected in the West Bank, and 1 was collected in the Israeli city of Ashdod, located close to the Gaza Strip. The AFP surveillance system failed to detect the circulating wild-type viruses. These findings further emphasize the important role that environmental surveillance can play in monitoring the eradication of polioviruses.

show abstract

“…The problem is partially overcome by the greater fitness of wild-type polioviruses under standard culture conditions, and the culture methods can be modified to further favor the isolation of wild-type viruses. (20) Another limitation of the environmental surveillance is that it can be very difficult to cover the entire population. Furthermore, it is likely that plausible estimates of the environmental factors can be given only for districts in which the sewage system is well controlled and where measurements are reliable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poliovirus Surveillance by Examining Sewage Water Specimens: Studies on Detection Probability Using Simulation Models

2001

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Efficiency of environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation was studied using simulation models. First, three transmission models were defined for describing different scenarios of poliovirus infections in a large unstructured population. Second, environmental factors, such as the total volume of the sewage network and losses of viruses, were modeled for computing the virus output at the sewage sampling site. Third, the effect of sampling and laboratory procedures was accounted for in the probability of detection, given the amount of polioviruses in a specimen. The simulation model can be used for theoretical assessments of the likely efficiency of environmental surveillance, compared with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. Under reasonable assumptions in a vaccinated population, the AFP surveillance can be outperformed if the poliovirus outbreak is not large. However, this depends on the assumed case-to-infection ratio and on the sampling frequency of the sewage water specimens. Increasing the latter will lead to a higher detection probability, which will further enhance the method based on environmental surveillance.

show abstract

A Double-Selective Tissue Culture System for Isolation of Wild-Type Poliovirus from Sewage Applied in a Long-Term Environmental Surveillance

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of a Highly Evolved Derivative of the Type 2 Oral Poliovaccine Strain Isolated from Sewage in Israel

Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of a Highly Evolved Derivative of the Type 2 Oral Poliovaccine Strain Isolated from Sewage in Israel

Detection of Poliovirus Circulation by Environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical Cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority

Poliovirus Surveillance by Examining Sewage Water Specimens: Studies on Detection Probability Using Simulation Models

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About