“…Therefore, improving mechanical properties of hydrogels became an important research hotspot. So far, versatile strategies to achieve tough hydrogels have been emerged, including double-network hydrogels (Gong et al, 2003;Gong, 2014;Liang et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2018;Jing et al, 2019), nanocomposite hydrogels (Haraguchi and Takehisa, 2002;Chen et al, 2015;GhavamiNejad et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2017), topological hydrogels (Okumura and Ito, 2001;Li et al, 2018), macromolecular microsphere composite hydrogels (Huang et al, 2007;Gu et al, 2016;Zhang and Khademhosseini, 2017;Wang Z. et al, 2018), hydrophobic association hydrogels (Li et al, 2012;Mihajlovic et al, 2017;Han et al, 2018), hydrogen bonding/dipole-dipole reinforced hydrogels (Han et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2015;Qin et al, 2018), and many others (Gong et al, 2016;Liu J. et al, 2017;Zhao et al, 2019). However, almost all of the hydrogels swollen a large amount of water in polymer networks cannot resist a cold or hot environment (Wei et al, 2014(Wei et al, , 2015Wang W. et al, 2018), hindering the application of tough hydrogels in harsh conditions.…”