“…The damage variable is an internal variable related to the effective density of cracks or cavities at each point (for the isotropic case) or at each point and in each direction (anisotropic case), that is, to the microstructure. As for the GTN approach, while the CDM was initially developed considering a scalar damage variable, it has been extended to a tensor representation describing a damage-induced anisotropy (Voyiadjis et al, 2008;Desmorat and Otin, 2008;Brünig et al, 2008;Abu Al-Rub and Voyiadjis, 2003;Badreddine et al, 2010;Brodland et al, 2006;Dunand et al, 2012).…”