“…In existing longitudinal studies, investigators have tracked the progression of untreated individuals (e.g., Morris et al, 1993;Ripich, Fritsch, Ziol, & Durand, 2000;Tomoeda & Bayles, 1993). The few studies that report positive effects from direct interventions (Camp et al, 1995;Clare et al, 2000;Hopper, Bayles, & Tomoeda, 1998;Mahendra, 2001;Quayhagen, Quayhagen, Corbeil, Roth, & Rodgers, 1995) are short-term.…”