A Dynamic Model of Welfare Reform

Johnson, Philip J.; Berhane, Sarah; Kagebayashi, Chiaki; Satomura, Shinji; Teng, Mabel; Reeves, Helen L.; O’Beirne, James; Fox, Richard; Skowrońska, Anna; Palmer, Daniel H.; Park, Yeon Hee; Mo, Frankie; Lai, Paul Bo San; Iñarrairaegui, Mercedes; Chan, Stephen L.; Sangro, Bruno; Miksad, Rebecca A.; Tada, Toshifumi; Kumada, Takashi; Toyoda, Hidenori

doi:10.3982/ecta9075

Cited by 51 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…We anticipate that the different size classes of the two species reacting to Notonecta, D. barbata and D. longicephala, explain the partly contrasting morphological strategies. Furthermore, it is possible that small-sized D. barbata predominantly fall prey to juvenile Notonecta and are less attractive for later instars or even adult backswimmers in accordance with the theory of optimal foraging [53]. If that is the case, it may explain the varying morphologies in the two species.…”

Section: Comparison Of Morphological Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia

2021

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Predation is a major selective agent, so that many taxa evolved phenotypically plastic defensive mechanisms. Among them are many species of the microcrustacean genus Daphnia, which respond to an increased predation risk by developing inducible morphological alterations. Some of these features are obvious and easily recognized, e.g., crests in D. longicephala, while others are rather hidden, such as the bulkier shape of D. magna induced by the presence of the tadpole shrimp Triops. In this study we investigated the extraordinary diversity of morphological adaptations in the presence of predators with different foraging strategies in six predator-prey systems. For the first time we were able to analyze the unexposed and predator-exposed morphs comprehensively using three-dimensional scanning and reconstruction. We show that morphological changes are manifold in appearance between species and predators, and go beyond what has been known from previous 2D analyses. This further demonstrates the enormous trait flexibility of Daphnia. Interestingly, we found that among this variety some species share morphological strategies to counter a predator, while others use a different strategy against the same predator. Based on these intra- and interspecific comparisons, we discuss the mechanisms by which the respective defense might operate. These data therefore contribute to a deeper understanding of the inducible defenses’ morphology as well as their diversified modes of operation in Daphnia, being a cornerstone for subsequent investigations, including the determination of costs associated with morphological change.

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Section: Comparison Of Morphological Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Moreover, it is imaginable that drag forces are decreased by this shape alteration, reducing the forces pulling the D. lumholtzi into the fish's mouth. Further, smaller bodies reduce visibility to fish [53,[69][70][71].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia

2021

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“…Moreover, on top of that I account for human capital accumulation based on labor market experience and the effect of children, and combine all such ingredients in a general equilibrium framework, taking into account the transitional dynamics. The equilibrium component can be understood as complementary to the approach in dynamic structural models of the labor supply, such as Chan (2013), to the approach in public economics in Saez (2002), Brewer et al (2010), and Rothstein (2010), and to other approaches reviewed by Chan and Moffitt (2018).…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Macroeconomic Effects of Universal Basic Income Programs

Luduvice

2021

Working Paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)

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What are the consequences of a nationwide reform of a transfer system based on means-testing toward one of unconditional transfers? I answer this question with a quantitative model to assess the general equilibrium, inequality, and welfare effects of substituting the current US income security system with a universal basic income (UBI) policy. To do so, I develop an overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic income risk that incorporates intensive and extensive margins of the labor supply, on-the-job learning, and child-bearing costs. The tax-transfer system closely mimics the US design. I calibrate the model to the US economy and conduct counterfactual analyses that implement reforms toward a UBI. I find that an expenditure-neutral reform has moderate impacts on agents' labor supply response but induces aggregate capital and output to grow due to larger precautionary savings. A UBI of $1,000 monthly requires a substantial increase in the tax rate of consumption used to clear the government budget and leads to an overall decrease in the macroeconomic aggregates, stemming from a drop in the labor supply. In both cases, the economy has more equally distributed disposable income and consumption. The UBI economy constitutes a welfare loss at the transition if it is expenditure-neutral and results in a gain in the second scenario.

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“…We extend this literature by jointly studying unemployment insurance and social assistance and accounting for program interdependencies. In this respect, we also add to research that emphasizes program interdependencies (see Moffitt, 1998, andChan, 2013), and to a growing literature that makes comparisons between insurance-based and assistance-based social programs (see Low et al, 2010, Saporta-Eksten, 2014, and Low and Pistaferri, 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%