A Dynamics of Surface Temperature Forced by Solar Radiation

Abstract

Surface temperature of the earth plays a uniquely important role in solar radiation energy entering the Earth system through the surface energy balance, that is, the partition of solar radiation into long-wave radiation and turbulent and conductive heat fluxes into the atmosphere and the earth. A fundamental physical principle governing the dynamics of surface temperature is the conservation of energy represented by the energy balance equation linking radiation and conductive/turbulent heat fluxes at the earth-atmosphere interface (Huang et al., 2017). Surface temperature and heat fluxes are commonly related through the temperature gradient-flux relationships that couple the surface temperature and fluxes to the temperature and heat fluxes of the interior atmosphere and earth. Prediction and simulation of surface temperature by solving partial differential equations describing the earth-atmosphere interaction processes are mathematically challenging and computationally costly in addition to the long-standing difficulty in physical parameterization of the turbulence of the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layer.Previous studies have revealed other fundamental physical principles underlying the dynamics of surface temperature than the conservation law. For example, surface temperature (and soil wetness) evolves in such a way that evapotranspiration (ET) over the land surface is maximized under the constraint of radiation energy supply (J. Wang et al., , 2007. The maximum principles of ET lay a theoretical foundation for a new dynamics of surface temperature (and the associated surface heat fluxes) without explicitly referring to the atmospheric and below-ground temperature distribution. The non-parametric expression of the maximum principles of ET opens the possibility of a general dynamic equation of surface temperature without specifying the parameterization of conductive and turbulent heat fluxes. The non-gradient formula of heat fluxes (

A Theory of Maximum Entropy Production and Its Application to Microwave Remote Sensing—Simultaneous Retrieval of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Water Content

“…The vegetation is assumed as uniform layer of constant dielectric properties. The diffusivity of radiative transfer, a non‐gradient‐based radiative energy transfer process, is parameterized as an analogy of gradient‐based transport processes, such as conductive and turbulent heat transfer in soil and atmosphere (Jing & Wang, 2023), $$\begin{align*}{\kappa }_{w}={\omega }_{0}{\delta }_{w}^{2}\\ {\kappa }_{s}={\omega }_{0}{\delta }_{s}^{2}\\ {\kappa }_{v}={\omega }_{0}{\delta }_{v}^{2}\end{align*}$$ where ω 0 is the characteristic (e.g., diurnal or seasonal) angular frequency (i.e., time scales of the thermal effect of the microwave radiation) and δ w , δ s , δ v are the wavelength‐dependent e ‐fold penetration depth of electromagnetic wave in dielectric media of liquid water, dry soil and dry vegetation, respectively. The penetration depth δ is a function of complex dielectric constant ε ′ – iε ″ (e.g., Ulaby et al., 1982, p. 847) $$\begin{align*}\delta =\frac{\lambda }{4\pi \vert \mathrm{Im}\sqrt{\varepsilon }\vert }\\ \mathrm{Im}\sqrt{\varepsilon }={\left({{\varepsilon }^{\prime }}^{2}+{{\varepsilon }^{{\prime\prime}}}^{2}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{4}}\sin \left[\frac{1}{2}{\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{{\varepsilon }^{{\prime\prime}}}{{\varepsilon }^{\prime }}\right)\right]\approx \frac{{\varepsilon }^{{\prime\prime}}}{2\sqrt{{\varepsilon }^{\prime }}}\,\text{for}\,{\varepsilon }^{\prime }\gg {\varepsilon }^{{\prime\prime}}\end{align*}$$ where λ is the wavelength of microwave radiation (e.g., 21 cm at L‐band 1.4 GHz).…”

“…This prototype of the MEP models paved the way for developing a non‐gradient model of latent, sensible and ground heat flux over the land surface (Wang & Bras, 2011), which has been extended to all surface types including water, snow, and ice (Wang et al., 2014). The MEP model has been extensively validated and widely applied (e.g., El Sharif et al., 2019; Hajji et al., 2018, 2021; Isabelle et al., 2021; Jia et al., 2023; Jing & Wang, 2023; Nearing et al., 2012; Shanafield et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2017; Wang, Liu, & Shen, 2023; Xu et al., 2019, 2023; Yang et al., 2022; Yang & Wang, 2014).…”

“…The vegetation is assumed as uniform layer of constant dielectric properties. The diffusivity of radiative transfer, a non-gradientbased radiative energy transfer process, is parameterized as an analogy of gradient-based transport processes, such as conductive and turbulent heat transfer in soil and atmosphere (Jing & Wang, 2023),…”

Local Topography Has Significant Impact on Dendroclimatic Response of Picea jezoensis and Determines Variation of Factors Limiting Its Radial Growth in the Southern Sikhote-Alin

“…During the winter period, when the Sun is at its lowest position above the horizon, areas situated on steep northwestern slopes receive relatively little solar radiation. As surface temperature and, consequently, the near-surface air layer temperature are linked to solar radiation [94], the maximum temperatures reached during daytime decrease, thus reducing their positive influence.…”