A European aerosol phenomenology—2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe

Putaud, J. P.; Raes, Frank; Dingenen, Rita Van; Brüggemann, E.; Facchini, M. C.; Decesari, Stefano; Fuzzi, S.; Gehrig, Robert; Hüglin, Cristoph; Laj, Paolo; Lorbeer, G.; Maenhaut, Willy; Mihalopoulos, N.; Müller, Konrad; Querol, Xavier; Rodrı́guez, Sergio; Schneider, Jürgen; Spindler, Gerald; Brink, H.M. ten; Tørseth, Kjetil; Wiedensohler, Alfred

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.041

Cited by 858 publications

(646 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…traffic and other combustion) emitting over a wide range of particle sizes below 200-300 nm. The principal shape of our observed size distributions is consistent with observations in other urban areas (Putaud et al, 2002;Wehner and Wiedensohler, 2003;Bukowiecki et al, 2003). Figure 6 depicts the variation of the size distribution between daytime (8-18) and night (22-5) at the three sites HCOE, LVBY and VVHL.…”

Section: Size Distributionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban,near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden

Wåhlin²,

et al. 2004

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Abstract. Particle size distribution (size-range 3-900 nm) and PM10 was measured simultaneously at an urban background station in Copenhagen, a near-city background and a rural location during a period in September-November 2002. The study investigates the contribution from urban versus regional sources of particle number and mass concentration.The total particle number (ToN) and NO x are well correlated at the urban and near-city level and show a distinct diurnal variation, indicating the common traffic source. The average ToN at the three stations differs by a factor of 3. The observed concentrations are 2500 # cm −3 , 4500 # cm −3 and 7700 # cm −3 at rural, near-city and urban level, respectively. PM10 and total particle volume (ToV) are well correlated between the three different stations and show similar concentration levels, in average within 30% relative difference, indicating a common source from long-range transport that dominates the concentrations at all locations.Measures to reduce the local urban emissions of NO x and ToN are likely to affect both the street level and urban background concentrations, while for PM10 and ToV only measurable effects at the street level are probable. Taking into account the supposed stronger health effects of ultrafine particles reduction measures should address particle number emissions.The traffic source contributes strongest in the 10-200 nm particle size range. The maximum of the size distribution shifts from about 20-30 nm at kerbside to 50-60 nm at rural level. Particle formation events were observed in the 3-20 nm size range at rural location in the afternoon hours, mainly under conditions with low concentrations of preexisting aerosol particles.The maximum in the size distribution of the "traffic contribution" seems to be shifted to about 28 nm in the urban Correspondence to: M. Ketzel (mke@dmu.dk) location compared to 22 nm at kerbside. Assuming NO x as an inert tracer on urban scale allows to estimate that ToN at urban level is reduced by 15-30% compared to kerbside. Particle removal processes, e.g. deposition and coagulation, which are most efficient for smallest particle sizes (<20 nm) and condensational growth are likely mechanisms for the loss of particle number and the shift in particle size.

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Section: Size Distributionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban,near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden

Wåhlin²,

et al. 2004

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“…Up to now, many studies (for example in Europe: Artiñano et al 2001;Marcazzan et al 2001;Hoek et al 2002;Putaud et al 2004;Vecchi et al 2004, among others) have been devoted to particulate matter characterisation using 24-hours resolved samplings. However, it should be noted that within a 24-hours time-interval, PM concentration and composition at a given location could vary significantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4-hours resolution data to study PM10 in a “hot spot” area in Europe

Vecchi

Bernardoni

Fermo

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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Nowadays, high-time resolved aerosol studies are mandatory to better understand atmospheric processes, such as formation, removal, transport, deposition or chemical reactions. This work focuses on PM10 physical and chemical characterisation with high-time resolution: elements (from Na to Pb), ions and OC/EC fractions concentration were determined during two weeks Further measurements aimed at hourly elemental characterisation of fine and coarse fractions and at the determination of particles number concentration in the 0.25-32 μm size range in 31 bins. The chemical mass closure was carried out in both seasons, enhancing intra-day differences in PM10 composition. In Milan, the highest contribution came from organic matter (34% and 33% in summer and winter, respectively); other important contributors were secondary inorganic compounds (16% and 24% in summer and winter, respectively) and, in summer, crustal matter (14%). Temporal trends showed strong variations in PM10 composition during contiguous time-slots and diurnal variations in different components contribution were identified. Moreover, peculiar phenomena, which would have hardly been detected with 24-hours samplings, were evidenced. Particles removal due to precipitations, aerosol local production and long range transport were studied in detail.

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“…Otherwise, the Italian Po Valley (P) has some of the highest average fine particle abundance in Europe with industrial emissions coupled with persistent fog leading to smog (Zappoli et al, 1999;Schaap et al, 2002;Putaud et al, 2004;Crosier et al, 2007).…”

Section: Key Features By Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the global abundance of ground level presence of particulate matter (PM2.5)

et al. 2014

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Abstract. With the increasing awareness of the health impacts of particulate matter, there is a growing need to comprehend the spatial and temporal variations of the global abundance of ground level airborne particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less (PM 2.5). Here we use a suite of remote sensing and meteorological data products together with groundbased observations of particulate matter from 8,329 measurement sites in 55 countries taken 1997-2014 to train a machinelearning algorithm to estimate the daily distributions of PM 2.5 from 1997 to the present. In this first paper of a series, we present the methodology and global average results from this period and demonstrate that the new PM 2.5 data product can reliably represent global observations of PM 2.5 for epidemiological studies.

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A European aerosol phenomenology—2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe

Cited by 858 publications

References 28 publications

Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban,near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden

Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban,near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden

4-hours resolution data to study PM10 in a “hot spot” area in Europe

Estimating the global abundance of ground level presence of particulate matter (PM2.5)

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