Alkali
metal carboxylates were evaluated as simple and
green catalysts
for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of various epoxides (e.g.,
alkyl-substituted epoxides and glycidyl ethers) and episulfides (alkyl-substituted
episulfides and thioglycidyl ethers). The thus-produced functional
polyethers (end-functionalized polyethers, block copolyethers, polyether–polyester
block copolymers, topologically unique polyethers, and isotactic-enriched
polyethers) and polythioethers featured well-defined structures and
controlled molecular weights (M
n,SEC =
1.0–32 kg mol–1). The most effective catalyst
was identified as cesium pivalate, and the variation of carboxylate
moieties and alkali metal cations enabled the tuning of acid/base
characteristics and thus allowed one to control polymerization behavior
and expand the scope of functional monomers and initiators. Kinetic
analysis confirmed the controlled/living nature of the polymerization
process, while mechanistic studies revealed that carboxylate moieties
did not directly initiate the ring-opening of epoxide monomers via
nucleophilic attack but rather activated the alcohol initiators/chain
ends via H-bonding and thus rendered the corresponding OH groups sufficiently
nucleophilic to attack the alkali metal cation-activated epoxides.