“…After washing away those components that do not bind to the micro-beads or micro-plates, the enzyme contained in the sandwich complex can be used to generate glucose and establish a direct correlation between the concentration of the target and the glucose monitored by a BGM. Using the sandwich format, a number of sensitive and selective BGM-based immunoassays have been developed for the detection of streptavidin and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (Xiang and Lu, 2012a), insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (Xiang et al, 2014), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (Wu et al, 2015), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (Su et al, 2012), phosphorylated p53 (on Serine 15, phospho-p53) (Zhao et al, 2015b), neuron-specic enolase (NSE) (Fu et al, 2014, Fu et al, 2015), albumin (Zhao et al, 2015a), and Salmonella (Joo et al, 2013). In some cases, additional signal amplification was provided by using nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles and nanoflowers (Fu et al, 2014, Fu et al, 2015), dendritic polyaniline nanofiber (DPANF) (Wu et al, 2015), and graphene-oxide-gold nanocomposite (Zhao et al, 2015a), to increase enzyme loading and hence higher sensitivity.…”