A facile strategy for reclaiming discarded graphite and harnessing the rate capabilities of graphite anodes

Upcycling of spent graphite and iron housing from waste lithium-ion batteries for fabricating cost-effective high-capacity anodes

“…In addition, according to Scherrer's equation (eqn (2)), the average thickness along the c -axis ( L c ) decreased as the number of graphene layers decreased (eqn (3)). These reductions are attributed to the distortion of graphite resulting from the internal stress caused by the repeated expansion of graphite: 28,30,31 where L c is the average length of the c -axis, λ is the wavelength of the Cu target ( λ = 1.54056 Å), K is the crystal shape factor, β is the FWHM, and θ is the Bragg angle (in radians).…”

“…In addition, according to Scherrer's equation (eqn (2)), the average thickness along the c-axis (L c ) decreased as the number of graphene layers decreased (eqn (3)). These reductions are attributed to the distortion of graphite resulting from the internal stress caused by the repeated expansion of graphite: 28,30,31…”

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for a sustainable future: recent advancements

“…15). 137 It was found that the layer space of graphite was enlarged by the concentrated acid mixture, 137 which has been confirmed by the initial intercalation of acids during the preparation of graphene oxide by Hummers' method. 140 Accordingly, the migration of Li + was promoted during the charging and discharging processes, showing an excellent regeneration performance.…”

“…15). 136,137 By applying sulfuric acid and nitric acid, acid leaching graphite was prepared for subsequent thermal reconstruction (Fig. 15).…”

Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review

“…Afterward, the obtained discarded graphite powder can be further decontaminated and purified. The treatment of the discarded graphitic anode material can generally be divided into three feasible technical pathways in Figure ,1) Acid leaching process, engaged stream to feasibly removal of metal impurities in non‐purified graphite, common inorganic acids H 2 SO 4 , [ 80–86 ] HNO 3 , [ 82 ] H 3 BO 3 , [ 87 ] H 3 PO 4 , [ 88 ] HCl. [ 89–92 ] Organic acid citric acid [ 93 ] ; 2) Heat treatment, favorable to restoration of disorder lattice d‐spacing among waste graphite layers destroyed due to repeated lithiation/delithiation process, reopening of Li + conducting channels and thus improving the specific capacity [ 94–97 ] ; 3) Surface coating modification, improving the cycling strength of graphite using amorphous carbon or pyrolytic carbon from carbonized highly crosslinked polymer such as pitch, [ 98,99 ] phenolic resin, [ 84 ] sucrose, starch and glucose, [ 100 ] polyethylene glycol.…”