A facile strategy for synthesizing promising pyrazole-fused energetic compounds

Lei, Caijin; Cheng, Guangbin; Yi, Zhenxin; Zhang, Qinghua; Yang, Hongwei

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.129190

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The construction of fused ring structures is an effective way to enhance the thermal stability of energetic compounds 16,18,19 . The incorporation of a nitro group or N-O group with an amino group to create novel energetic compounds with high density, excellent thermal stability as well as low sensitivity is a well-recognized strategy [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . A representative fused energetic compound 3,7,8-trinitropyrazolo[5,1c] [1,2,4] triazin-4-amine (PTX) 24 , which contains pyrazole-triazine fused ring and two kinds of explosophoric groups exhibit a high density of 1.946 g cm −3 , the high decomposition temperature of 246 °C and comparable detonation properties to that of RDX 7 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Tri-explosophoric groups driven fused energetic heterocycles featuring superior energetic and safety performances outperforms HMX

Liu

et al. 2022

Nat Commun

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The design and synthesis of novel energetic compounds with integrated properties of high density, high energy, good thermal stability and sensitivities is particularly challenging due to the inherent contradiction between energy and safety for energetic compounds. In this study, a novel structure of 4-amino-7,8-dinitropyrazolo-[5,1-d] [1,2,3,5]-tetrazine 2-oxide (BITE-101) is designed and synthesized in three steps. With the help of the complementary advantages of different explosophoric groups and diverse weak interactions, BITE-101 is superior to the benchmark explosive HMX in all respects, including higher density of 1.957 g·cm−3, highest decomposition temperature of 295 °C (onset) among CHON-based high explosives to date and superior detonation velocity and pressure (D: 9314 m·s−1, P: 39.3 GPa), impact and friction sensitivities (IS: 18 J, FS: 128 N), thereby showing great potential for practical application as replacement for HMX, the most powerful military explosive in current use.

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confidence: 99%

Tri-explosophoric groups driven fused energetic heterocycles featuring superior energetic and safety performances outperforms HMX

Liu

et al. 2022

Nat Commun

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“…The sensitivities against impact and friction of CTX were measured by using standard BAM tester [27]. As shown in Table 1, the impact sensitivity ( IS ) of CTX is 10 J, which is higher than CHP and CHHP, but lower than 3D ECPs [Cu(atrz) 3 (NO 3 ) 2 ] n and [Ag(atrz) 1.5 (NO 3 )] n .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energetic Coordination Polymer with High Thermal Stability and Initiation Power

Huang

Yin

Dong

et al. 2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Lead-free, eco-friendly primary explosive which can replace lead azide (LA) has been a long-lasting challenge. Hereby, a new candidate copper(I) 5-(2,2-diamino-1nitrovinyl)tetrazolate (CTX) was synthesized through a mild metathesis reaction by bridging nitrogen-rich heterocycles with Cu(I) centers. The structure was characterized with IR spectrum, NMR spectrum, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The linear reinforced structure and condensed packing pattern of CTX lead to its high density (2.16 g cm À 3 ) and low sensitivities (IS = 10 J, FS > 120 N). It also exhibits a remarkably high thermal stability (340 °C), which to our knowledge, is the highest one known for the energetic coordination polymers (ECPs). The initiation capability test reveals CTX has high priming ability comparable to LA. The combined properties and performances contribute to its future prospects as a promising green primary explosive.

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“…However, it is often contradictory between the excellent energetic performance and insensitivity. Hence, achieving a good balance between high energy (high explosive velocity and high explosive pressure) and high stability (high thermal decomposition temperature and low mechanical sensitivity) is a great challenge for research into the next generation of energetic materials …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, achieving a good balance between high energy (high explosive velocity and high explosive pressure) and high stability (high thermal decomposition temperature and low mechanical sensitivity) is a great challenge for research into the next generation of energetic materials. 3 Compared with traditional energetic compounds, nitrogenrich heterocyclic compounds (azoles and azines) have been widely concerned and reported by researchers of energetic materials at home and abroad in the recent 20 years because of their high heat of formation, high nitrogen content, excellent detonation performance, and decomposition products without environmental pollution. 4 Also, the high nitrogen content and low hydrogen content in its molecular structure can not only increase the density and heat of formation of the molecular structure but also make it easier to achieve or close to zero oxygen balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Series of Azido and Fused-Tetrazole Explosives: Combining Good Thermal Stability and Low Sensitivity

Lei

Yang

Zhang

2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The introduction of azido groups into the energetic skeleton has the advantages of increasing the energy level. In this work, a series of azido compounds with good stability and low sensitivity as well as tetrazole-fused compounds based on energetic salts are synthesized. The detonation pressures and velocities of these new compounds fall in the ranges of 18.9–27.3 GPa and 7153–8450 m s–1, respectively. The detonation velocity of the tetrazole-fused compounds based on the potassium salts 3, 6, and 7 are 7810, 7153, and 7989 m s–1, respectively. Also, their decomposition temperatures (244, 237, and 240 °C, respectively) are higher than that of traditional explosive RDX (204 °C). Notably, two representative compounds 2 and 5 possess higher decomposition temperature (2: 196 °C and 5: 178 °C) and overall detonation properties (2: D = 8129 m s–1 and P = 26.6 GPa and 5: D = 8336 m s–1 and P = 27.3 GPa) as well as relativity lower sensitivities (2: IS = 12 J and FS = 240 N and 5: IS = 10 J and FS = 144 N) than that of primary explosive 2-diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol (T d = 157 °C, D = 6900 m s–1, P = 24.7 GPa, IS = 1 J, and FS = 24.7 N). Moreover, the initiation capacity of compounds 2 and 5 was also assessed through the initiation tests. The results indicate that the two compounds could be a promising environmentally friendly primary explosive.

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A facile strategy for synthesizing promising pyrazole-fused energetic compounds

Cited by 38 publications

References 36 publications

Tri-explosophoric groups driven fused energetic heterocycles featuring superior energetic and safety performances outperforms HMX

Tri-explosophoric groups driven fused energetic heterocycles featuring superior energetic and safety performances outperforms HMX

An Energetic Coordination Polymer with High Thermal Stability and Initiation Power

Series of Azido and Fused-Tetrazole Explosives: Combining Good Thermal Stability and Low Sensitivity

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