A facile synthesis of phosphorus doped Si/SiO2/C with high coulombic efficiency and good stability as an anode material for lithium ion batteries

Nanometer-Thick Gallic Acid Coatings Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Anodes

“…The D Li + was calculated by the following equation: , where R is the gas constant (8.314 J K –1 mol –1 ), T is thermodynamic temperature (298.15 K), A is the working area of the electrode, n is the number of electrons in the state of charge, F is the Faraday constant (96,485 C mol –1 ), C is the Li + concentration in the delithiated state, and σ is the Warburg impedance coefficient. The σ can be obtained by equation …”

“…Figure e illustrates the linear fit of the Z ′ versus ω –1/2 plots related to the diffusion coefficient of Li + ( D Li + ) in the Warburg region (low-frequency region) of the EIS spectrum of the samples after 100 cycles. The D Li + was calculated by the following equation: , D normalL normali + = R 2 T 2 2 A 2 n 4 F 4 C normalL normali + 2 σ 2 where R is the gas constant (8.314 J K –1 mol –1 ), T is thermodynamic temperature (298.15 K), A is the working area of the electrode, n is the number of electrons in the state of charge, F is the Faraday constant (96,485 C mol –1 ), C is the Li + concentration in the delithiated state, and σ is the Warburg impedance coefficient. The σ can be obtained by equation Z ′ = R normalS + R ct + σ ω − 1 / 2 …”

“…In another vein, carbon-coating on surface of the silicon material is a simple and effective strategy. − Amorphous carbon was usually produced by pyrolysis of organic compounds, and the thickness of coating-layer varies with local morphology and the porosity . Therefore, it is hard to fully cover the Si surface via carbon-coating layer, and the rapid capacity fading cannot be stopped. , Additionally, under effect of repeated volume expansion/contraction, the carbon-coating layer weakly interacted with the Si can be easily broken and detached from the Si surface, which allows the electrolyte to infiltrate and directly contact the silicon particle, resulting in low Coulombic efficiency and continuous consumption of lithium ions . It worth mentioning that the designed polymers as the coating materials have also been employed to enhance the performance of the silicon electrodes. , For instance, Jiang et al treated Si NPs with hydrogen peroxide, followed by the hydrolysis/condensation reaction using epoxy-containing oligo(ethylene oxide)s. The formed epoxy-containing oligo(ethylene oxide)s coating-layer can be attached to the surface of SiNPs via epoxy groups, and the resulted product exhibited a stable capacity of 1890 mA h g –1 at C/3 after 100 cycles .…”

Review on Improving the Performance of SiOx Anodes for a Lithium-Ion Battery through Insertion of Heteroatoms: State of the Art and Outlook

“…Its application should therefore immediately be considered as a dopant in SiO x anodes. Chen et al 47 synthesized a phosphorus-doped Si/SiO 2 /C anode material comprising doped Si coated with carbon and silica layers, which was prepared by ball-milling flake Si particles with polyvinyl butyral and phosphoric acid as additives. Elemental analysis showed a homogeneous distribution of Si, O, P, and C on the surfaces of the obtained particles.…”

Strategies for Controlling or Releasing the Influence Due to the Volume Expansion of Silicon inside Si−C Composite Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Other doping atoms were tested for their performance in LIBs. Chen et al successfully prepared P-Doped Si/SiO 2 /C using polyethanol butyral (PVB) as a carbon source and phosphoric acid as a dopant [147]. The carbon layer produced by the PVB decomposition not only suppressed the volume expansion of silicon, but it also increased the surface conductivity.…”