A Family Cluster of Legionella pneumophila Infections

M, Castellani Pastoris; Ef, Viganò; Passi, C.

doi:10.3109/00365548809032496

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Only few of these bacteria species cause infections in humans [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Most important are Legionella pneumophilae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which may cause severe infections, not only in ill patients but also in normal persons especially elderly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Andersen¹,

Høg²,

Joensen³

2017

JLS

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Drinking water may be a risk factor for human infections if the water supply is contaminated with biofilm producing bacteria such as Legionella pneumophilae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several situations have to be considered when water supply to new buildings is planned. The aim of this paper is to review situations that have to be considered in new buildings and give an example on a new water supply contaminated with biofilm producing water bacteria and the precautions introduced to eliminate the contamination. When new buildings are planned it should be considered where to get the water and what is the microbiological quality of the water. If the water is contaminated there will be troubles from the beginning. The material for the pipes should be considered as biofilm which is produced in greater amounts and faster in PEG pipes than in stainless steel pipes. The choice of material depends on the expected lifetime of the building, the dimensions of the pipes, and the choice of forceps, how often the taps are used and thereby the flow in the system. The higher flow the less and slower biofilm formation. It is important to reduce the number of taps to a minimum to ovoid "dead ends" if they are not or only seldom used. Alternatively all taps could be opened automatically regularly. It is important to establish precautions to ovoid contamination of the water system in the period from when it is established until the building is taken in use. The period can be several months during which the system can act as a "dead end" if no precautions, such as regularly opening of all taps, are taken. The microbiological quality of the water in the system should be controlled before the building is taken in use. In a new building, where the water supply and the water in the building was not controlled before the building was taken in use, extremely high total and Legionella germ counts were found. The water was disinfected with low concentrations of chloride with very little effect. After disinfection with high concentrations of chloride for few hours and placing a sterile filter at the water entrance both the total and Legionella germ count decreased to an acceptable level.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Andersen¹,

Høg²,

Joensen³

2017

JLS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One study found that more than 100 different bacteria was found in the same biofilm by genome sequencing [17]. Only few of these bacteria species causes infections in humans [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Most important are Legionella pneumophilae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which may cause severe infections, not only in ill patients but also in normal persons especially elderly.…”

Section: Introduction mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Andersen¹,

Høg²,

Joensen³

2016

JLS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Drinking water may be a risk factor for human infections if the water supply is contaminated with biofilm producing bacteria such as Legionella pneumophilae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several situations have to be considered when water supply to new buildings is planned. The aim of this paper is to review situations that have to be considered in new buildings and give an example on a new water supply contaminated with biofilm producing water bacteria and the precautions introduced to eliminate the contamination. When new buildings are planned, it should be considered where to get the water and what is the microbiological quality of the water. If the water is contaminated there will be troubles from the beginning. The material for the pipes should be considered as biofilm is produced in greater amounts and faster in PEG pipes than in stainless steel pipes. The choice of material depend on the expected lifetime of the building, the dimensions of the pipes, and the choice of forceps, how often the taps are used and thereby the flow in the system. The higher flow the less and slower biofilm formation. It is important to reduce the number of taps to a minimum to ovoid "dead ends" if they are not or only seldom used. Alternatively all taps could be opened automatically regularly. It is important to establish precautions to ovoid contamination of the water system in the period from it are established until the building is taken in use. The period can be several month where the system can act as a "dead end" if no precautions, such as regularly opening of all taps, are taken. The microbiological quality of the water in the system should be controlled before the building is taken in use. In a new building, where the water supply and the water in the building was not controlled before the building was taken in use, extremely high total and Legionella germ counts were found. The water was disinfected with low concentrations of chloride with very little effect. After disinfection with high concentrations of chloride for few hours and placing a sterile filter at the water entrance both the total and Legionella germ count decreased to an acceptable level.

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“…In another study, Castellani Pastoris et al (5) reported that seroconversion against L. pneumophila sg 1 was found in three of the four family members; the father and daughter developed an influenza-like infection, but the son developed serious pneumonia. Legionella pneumophila sg 1 was present in the showerhead water and running water of the family's residence, as well as in the ventilation circuits of the refrigerator located in the family's shop.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Domestically Acquired Legionnaires’ Disease: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Pertinent Literature

Erdoğan

Arslan

2016

Balkan Med J

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Background: Legionella species may colonize in home water systems and cause Legionnaires' disease (LD). We herein report two cases of sporadic LD associated with the solar energy-heated hot water systems of the patients' houses. Case Report: A 60-year-old woman with chronic bronchitis and diabetes mellitus presented with a high fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Physical examination revealed rales, and her chest radiograph showed a homogeneous density in the left lung. The Legionella urinary antigen test was positive, and an indirect fluorescent antibody test revealed a serum antibody titer of 1/520 for L. pneumophila serogroup 1. In the second case, a 66-year-old man with diabetes mellitus was treated for pneumonia at another hospital. After the patient's general condition worsened and he required mechanical ventilation, he was referred to our hospital. The Legionella urinary antigen test was positive. Neither of the patients had been hospitalized or travelled within the previous month. Both patients used hot water storage tanks heated by solar energy; both also used an electrical device in the bathroom to heat the water when solar energy alone was insufficient. The hot water samples from the residences of both patients were positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Conclusion: These cases show that domestic hot water systems heated by solar energy must be considered a possible source of community-acquired LD.

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A Family Cluster of Legionella pneumophila Infections

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Domestically Acquired Legionnaires’ Disease: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Pertinent Literature

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