A fast and accurate method for the determination of total and soluble fluorine in toothpaste using high-resolution graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry and its comparison with established techniques

Gleisner, Heike; Einax, Jürgen W.; Morés, Silvane; Welz, Bernhard; Carasek, Eduardo

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.013

Cited by 62 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, for anti-caries effects of fluoride toothpastes to be valid, the formulation has to be compatible 18) . There has been number of attempts to find the ideal formulation of toothpaste and the appropriate measurement method to assess soluble fluoride [19][20][21] . However, even throughout the development of .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of fluoride bioavailability in toothpastes

Ko¹,

Kang²,

Kwon³

et al. 2015

J Korean Acad Oral Health

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the total fluoride concentration and bioavailable fluoride concentration in different toothpastes, based on a newly suggested method by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and to compare the measured concentrations with the concentrations written on the packaging. Methods: The concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and bioavailable fluoride (BF) were measured in six toothpastes. For the TF measurement, 1 g of each toothpaste was mixed with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) was placed. After 24 hours, the samples were centrifuged and total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) solution was added. For the BF measurement, the toothpaste was mixed with K 2 HPO 4 for only 1 minute. The samples were centrifuged, and then HCl was placed and allowed to stand for 24 hours. The TISAB solution was added subsequently. The concentration of fluoride ions was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and calculated against a standard curve. Results: The six toothpastes were composed of different fluoride compounds and abrasives. The measured TF concentration ranged from 624.99 ppm to 1,353.00 ppm, and the similarity to the declared fluoride concentration ranged from 53.48% to 93.31%. The measured BF concentration ranged from 587.61 ppm to 1,360.05 ppm, and the similarity to the expected fluoride concentration ranged from 41.97% to 93.80%. Two samples were clearly separated when the samples were centrifuged, whereas the remaining four samples had unclear supernatants. The clearly separated toothpastes (i.e., toothpastes 5 and 6) had BF concentrations that were similar to or lower than the declared fluoride concentrations and the measured TF concentrations. However, the unclearly separated toothpastes showed inconsistent relationships between the measured TF and BF concentrations. Conclusions: The measured TF and BF concentrations of the six toothpastes did not reach the expected fluoride concentration. This finding resulted from the different compositions and forms of the toothpastes. Therefore, the properties of toothpastes need to be considered when measuring their fluoride concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of fluoride bioavailability in toothpastes

Ko¹,

Kang²,

Kwon³

et al. 2015

J Korean Acad Oral Health

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“…To further prove the gas-phase combination reaction, even in the case of SrF2 formation, Sr and F were injected on one side of the platform and Ga, which is known to be a very effective molecule forming element with F, [1][2][3] was injected on the other side. It can be assumed that during the drying step, solid-phase products of Sr and F, e.g.…”

Section: Effect Of Ga On the Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this purpose, Ga, [1][2][3] Ca, 4 Al, 5 Sr 6 etc. were used to form the diatomic molecules of halogens, whereas CS rotational lines formed in the presence of excessive carbon in flames and a graphite furnace were benefited for the determination of S. 7,8 Various mechanisms can be proposed for the formation of diatomic molecule of halogens in a graphite furnace: (i) a salt of analyte is formed upon interaction with the molecule-forming elements during the drying step, which is later decomposed at elevated temperature to produce a diatomic molecule and/or (ii) the atoms of the analyte and the molecule forming element are combined in the gas phase to form the diatomic molecule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecule Formation Mechanisms of Strontium Mono Fluoride in High-Resolution Continuum Source Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Özbek

Akman

2013

ANAL. SCI.

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IntroductionThe determination of non-metals via molecular hyperfine structured rotational lines of diatomic molecules generated between the analyte and a molecule forming element has been successfully performed using high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrophotometers (HR-CS-AAS). For this purpose, Ga, 1-3 Ca, 4 Al, 5 Sr 6 etc. were used to form the diatomic molecules of halogens, whereas CS rotational lines formed in the presence of excessive carbon in flames and a graphite furnace were benefited for the determination of S. 7,8 Various mechanisms can be proposed for the formation of diatomic molecule of halogens in a graphite furnace: (i) a salt of analyte is formed upon interaction with the molecule-forming elements during the drying step, which is later decomposed at elevated temperature to produce a diatomic molecule and/or (ii) the atoms of the analyte and the molecule forming element are combined in the gas phase to form the diatomic molecule. This gas-phase interference occurred during metal and metalloid determination by the atomic absorption, and every attempt was made to reduce it to obtain free gaseous analyte atoms, although it is helpful to form the diatomic molecule during the determination of halogens. Of course, another mechanism may be responsible from diatomic molecules of the analyte, but whatever it is, the diatomic molecule is formed upon interaction of the halogen with the molecule-forming element either in the condensed phase (solid and/or liquid phase depending on the temperature) and/or in the gas phase.For investigating the interference mechanisms during the determination of metals by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), the analyte and interferent were pipetted on different locations in the graphite furnace 9,10 or cavities of a specially designed dual cavity platform. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The results were compared with those of mixed injections. It was assumed that if the analyte and the interferent were separated, they subsequently do not contact in the condensed phase. Therefore, any interference should be due to the gas-phase interactions between the analyte and the interferent. If they mixed, both condensed-phase and gas-phase interferences are expected. Comparing the results, i.e. the change of the sensitivities for the two cases, made it possible to distinguish the condensed-phase and the gas-phase interferences.In this study, the formation mechanisms of SrF, which was selected as a diatomic molecule for the determination of F, was investigated. For this purpose, the analyte and the moleculeforming element were mixed as well as separately injected on the platform of the graphite furnace. Then, the sensitivities, peak shapes and appearance times for the two cases were compared in order to interpret the SrF formation mechanisms. In previous work, Sr was proved to be a useful moleculeforming element for the determination of F. 6 Therefore, to interpret molecule formation, it is used as a test metal for the formation of a diatomic mo...

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“…Soon after, Heitmann et al [23] reported the determination of F using the same molecule and wavelength in a graphite furnace; the authors reported a LOD of 9 pg F using a coating of the platform with Zr, and Mg as an additional modifier. The same molecule and wavelength were also used by Gleisner et al for F determination in water samples [12] and toothpaste [24] with an improved LOD of 5.2 pg F, mostly due to the use of a more sophisticated mixture of modifiers and a modified temperature program. Krüger et al [25] used the same technique and the same molecule to determine fluorine in cancer cells and Qin et al [26,27] used HR-CS GF MAS as an LC detector to quantify novel fluorinated organic compounds in environmental and biological samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%