A fatal case of oral ingestion of toluene

Ameno, Kiyoshi; Fuke, Chiaki; Ameno, Setsuko; Kiriu, Takahiro; Sogo, Kazuhiko; Ijiri, Iwao

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(89)90218-1

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The results are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal metabolic tolerance (e.g., induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes) develops over the course of exposures during pregnancy, but it is also possible that the relative decrease in maternal blood levels between GD8 and GD20 is a function of altered body mass composition, specifically in increase in the "relative fat depot" or percentage of body fat, which preferentially absorbs toluene [1]. Body fat may also serve as a reservoir for toluene, reaching a dynamic, relative equilibrium with levels in maternal blood.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Several studies in both non-pregnant animals and humans have demonstrated that toluene absorbed into the blood is distributed throughout the body with the brain and liver containing the highest levels [1,20,50]. The majority of absorbed toluene is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver, primarily to benzyl alcohol and is eventually eliminated in the urine as hippuric acid [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Maternal and fetal blood and organ toluene levels in rats following acute and repeated binge inhalation exposure☆

Bowen¹,

Hannigan²,

Irtenkauf³

2007

Reproductive Toxicology

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Inhalation of organic solvents is a persistent form of drug abuse with particular concern being the abuse of inhalants by women of child-bearing age. While studies have begun assessing postnatal outcomes of offspring exposed prenatally to inhalants, relatively little is known about the distribution of toluene in blood and body tissues of pregnant, inhalant-abusing women, or in the fetuses. The present study assessed the tissue toluene levels attained following brief toluene exposures using a pre-clinical rat model of maternal inhalant abuse. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to toluene at 8,000 or 12,000 parts per million (ppm) for 15, 30 or 45 min/exposure. Exposures occurred twice each day from gestational day 8 (GD8) through GD20. Immediately following the second exposure on GD8, GD14 and GD20 blood was taken from the saphenous vein of the dams. Following saphenous vein blood collection on GD20, dams were sacrificed and trunk blood was collected along with maternal tissue specimens from cerebellum, heart, lung, kidney and liver. The placenta, amniotic fluid and fetal brain were also collected. Results demonstrated that maternal saphenous blood toluene levels increased as the inhaled concentration of toluene and duration of exposure increased. The maternal cerebellum, heart, kidney and liver appeared to be saturated after 30 min on GD20 such that toluene levels in those organs were equivalent across all ambient concentrations of inhaled toluene. Toluene levels also increased in fetal brain as the inhaled concentration of toluene increased and in placenta and amniotic fluid as the duration of exposure increased. Toluene levels in all tissues at GD20, except maternal lung and amniotic fluid, were higher than in maternal saphenous blood suggesting that toluene concentrated in those organs. Measurement of toluene levels in blood and other tissues following repeated toluene exposure demonstrated that toluene readily reaches a variety of potential sites of action throughout the maternal-placental-fetal unit.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and fetal blood and organ toluene levels in rats following acute and repeated binge inhalation exposure☆

Bowen¹,

Hannigan²,

Irtenkauf³

2007

Reproductive Toxicology

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“…In late 1980s, Ameno et al described that the brain and liver serve as reservoir for toluene [45]. A few years later, Yamazaki et al, in their work explained that more than 80% of absorbed toluene is metabolized by mixoxidase enzyme system to benzoic acid and hippuric acid in the liver and kidney before excretion into the urine.…”

Section: Toluene Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatographic Determination of Toluene and Its Metabolites in Urine for Toluene Exposure – A Review

Zinalibdin¹,

Yacob²,

Sanagi

et al. 2016

MJAS

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The determinations of toluene and their metabolites in biological samples such as urine and blood allow the estimation of the degree of exposure to this chemical. Chromatographic methods and preliminary methods are now universally employed for this purpose. Preliminary color test methods are well established for qualitative determination of toluene and its metabolites. Mobile test kits using color test methods are a vast tool for screening urine samples but chromatographic methods are still needed for confirmation and quantitative analysis. Gas chromatography (GC) methods are well-adapted for the determination of toluene metabolite in urine, but these methods often require several pretreatment steps. Meanwhile, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is becoming a powerful tool for the accurate and easy determination of toluene metabolites considering its decisive advantages for routine monitoring. Furthermore, recent development in HPLC could widen the usefulness of this method to solve the most complex analytical problems that could be encountered during the measurement.Keywords: toluene, toluene metabolites, preliminary test, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography Abstrak Penentuan toluena dan metabolitnya dalam sampel biologi seperti urin dan darah membolehkan anggaran tahap pendedahan terhadap bahan kimia ini. Kaedah kromatografi dan kaedah awalan merupakan kaedah yang sering digunakan untuk tujuan ini pada masa kini. Kaedah awalan menggunakan ujian warna telah dibangunkan untuk penentuan kualitatif toluena dan metabolit. Kit ujian mudah alih menggunakan ujian warna meluas digunakan bagi pemeriksaan sampel urin tetapi kaedah kromatografi masih diperlukan untuk pengesahan analisis kuantitatif. Kaedah kromatografi gas adalah kaedah yang kerap digunakan bagi menentukan metabolit toluena dalam urin namun kaedah ini sering memerlukan beberapa langkah rawatan awal. Sementara itu, kromatografi cecair berprestasi tinggi (HPLC) menjadi alat yang berkuasa untuk penentuan tepat dan mudah metabolit toluena memandangkan kelebihannya yang jelas untuk pemantauan rutin. Tambahan pula, perkembangan terkini dalam HPLC boleh memperluaskan kegunaan kaedah ini bagi menyelesaikan masalah analisis rumit yang boleh dihadapi semasa pengukuran.Kata kunci: toluena, metabolit toluena, ujian awalan, kromatografi gas, kromatografi cecair berprestasi tinggi

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“…Approximately 80% is metabolized to benzyl alcohol which is then oxidized to benzoic acid. Benzoic acid is then conjugated with glycine and excreted as hippuric acid (Ameno et al, 1989). Toluene clearance has been reported as 1.4 to 1.7 L/hour/kg after inhalation exposure (Wallen, 1986).…”

Section: Mammalian and Human Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbo-contaminated soils, comprehensive report, December 1999

Hazen¹

2000

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have been cooperating in the development and implementation of innovative environmental remediation technologies since 1995. A major focus of this program has been the demonstration of bioremediation techniques to cleanup the soil and sediment associated with a waste lagoon at the Czechowice Oil Refinery (CZOR) in southern Poland. After an expedited site characterization (ESC), treatability study, and risk assessment study, a remediation system was designed that took advantage of local materials to minimize cost and maximize treatment efficiency. U.S. experts worked in tandem with counterparts from the IETU and CZOR throughout this project to characterize, assess and subsequently, design, implement and monitor a bioremediation system. The CZOR, our industrial partner for this project, was chosen because of their foresight and commitment to the use of new approaches for environmental restoration. This program sets a precedent for Poland in which a portion of the funds necessary to complete the project were provided by the company responsible for the problem. The CZOR was named by PIOS (State Environmental Protection Inspectorate of Poland) as one of the top 80 biggest polluters in Poland. The history of the CZOR dates back more than 100 years to its establishment by the Vacuum Oil Company (a U.S. company and forerunner of Standard Oil). More than a century of continuous use of a sulfuric acid-based oil refining method by the CZOR has produced an estimated 120,000 tons of acidic, highly weathered, petroleum sludge. This waste has been deposited into three open, unlined process waste lagoons, 3 meters deep, now covering 3.8 hectares. Initial analysis indicated that the sludge was composed mainly of high molecular weight paraffinic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The overall objective of this full-scale demonstration project was to characterize, assess and remediate one of these lagoons. The remediation tested and evaluated a combination of U.S. and Polish-developed biological remediation technologies. Specifically, the goal of the demonstration was to reduce the environmental risk from PAH compounds in soil and to provide a green zone (grassy area) adjacent to the site boundary. The site was characterized using the DOE-developed Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) methodology. Based on the results of the ESC, a risk assessment was conducted using established U.S. procedures. Based on the results of the ESC and risk assessment, a 0.3-hectare site, the smallest of the waste lagoons, was selected for a modified aerobic biopile demonstration. This Executive Summary and the supporting report and appendices document the activities and results of this cooperative venture. Site CharacterizationSite Characterization was conducted in the summer of 1996 using DOE-developed Expedited Site Characterization (ESC). ESC makes use of direct push technologies (e.g., cone penetrometer), on-site chemical analysis and real-time data display and interpretation to conduct rapid and efficient site characterization. This ap...

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A fatal case of oral ingestion of toluene

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Maternal and fetal blood and organ toluene levels in rats following acute and repeated binge inhalation exposure☆

Maternal and fetal blood and organ toluene levels in rats following acute and repeated binge inhalation exposure☆

Chromatographic Determination of Toluene and Its Metabolites in Urine for Toluene Exposure – A Review

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbo-contaminated soils, comprehensive report, December 1999

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