A fatal overdose with 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine derivatives

Forrest, A.R.W.; Galloway, J. H.; Marsh, Ian; Strachan, G.A.; Clark, Joseph

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(94)90242-9

Cited by 50 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Although amphetamine and its derivates (similar to heroin and cocaine) are classified among the so-called 'hard drugs', lay people and people in the ecstasy scene widely regard this drug as a 'safe drug' without any risks of complications and no dependence potential. This is in sharp contrast to numerous reports of (a) several significant physiological effects (loss of appetite, nausea, muscle ache, tachycardia, hypothermia), (b) more severe cardiological and regulatory complications), (c) psychological complications (anxiety, panic attacks, recurrent acute paranoid psychotic experiences, cognitive deficiencies and depression associated with suicidal behavior) [2][3][4][5][6][7], (d) increasing number of reports about ecstasy-related deaths [8,9], and (e) severe internal medical and psychiatric complications [3,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Is the Use of Ecstasy and Hallucinogens Increasing?

et al. 1998

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This report presents findings of a community survey of 3,021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years in Munich, Germany, carried out to determine the prevalence of use and abuse of and dependence on ecstasy, amphetamines and hallucinogens. The response rate was 71%. Results: (1) In 1995, 4% of the male and 2.3% of the female respondents aged 14–24 reported the use of ecstasy. Ecstasy-related substances (amphetamines and chemically related substances) were reported by 3.6% of men and 1.6% of women. Hallucinogens were reported slightly less frequently by 3% of men and about 2% of women (LSD combined with others). (2) Compared to findings from a 1990 survey this constitutes a substantial, at least twofold, increase in consumption rate of both types of substances. (3) Among lifetime users of both ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens about two thirds could be regarded as regular users. (4) The prevalence of DSM-IV abuse and dependence on ecstasy and related substances is about 1%, identical to rates of hallucinogen abuse and dependence. Findings also point to a significant dependence potential for both substances. (5) Furthermore, considerable overlap between the two substances was found. Conclusion: Our study suggests a substantial increase in both the use of ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens. The data further suggest that the increase is strongest in younger age groups, but the risk of first use of these substances continues to be present up to the age of 24 years. The higher proportion of women contributing to this increase is noteworthy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Is the Use of Ecstasy and Hallucinogens Increasing?

et al. 1998

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“…Reports of ecstasy use and deaths followed in the UK and other European countries. Deaths in the USA were associated with pre-existing disease or accidents, but the first deaths in the UK were due to heat-stroke [2,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Ring substituted phenethylamines are known to alter thermoregulation and their use at raves and other dances appeared to be an important component in the UK deaths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deaths associated with MBDB misuse

Carter

Rutty

Milroy

et al. 2000

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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The use of phenethylamines in the dance scene is now well established. Apart from amphetamine, the commonest phenethylamine encountered in clinical and forensic settings is 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) commonly known as ecstasy. Other phenethylamines, which have similar effects are encountered, such as 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) and their use has resulted in death. We report two deaths associated with another less commonly encountered member of the group, N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB), also known as Methyl-J and Eden.

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“…MDMA and MDEA are metabolised to methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), which itself may be subject to abuse. Occasional cases of use of the a-ethyl homologue of MDMA, n-methyl-1-3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-butanamine (MBDB) have been reported, as have other similar drugs including paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) [18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“Ecstasy” associated deaths: what is a fatal concentration ? Analysis of a case series

Milroy

2011

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Amphetamine derivative drugs, particularly 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, are popular recreational drugs. MDMA is associated with causing death by a number of mechanisms, including hyperpyrexia, cardiac arrhythmia water intoxication and liver failure. Seventy-seven deaths where MDMA was detected in body fluids/organs were reviewed. Of these cases 59 deaths had MDMA present in blood. In 13 cases death was attributable to the toxic effects of MDMA alone with a range of 0.478-53.9 mg/l, mean 8.43 mg/l, median 3.49 mg/l. In 22 cases death was due to polydrug use, with an MDMA range of 0.04-41.5 mg/l, mean 2.90 mg/l, median 0.76 mg/l. In 24 cases death was due to trauma with an MDMA range of 0.035-4.81 mg/l, mean 0.862 mg/l, median 0. 483 mg/l. There is considerable overlap between the concentration of MDMA seen in deaths from direct MDMA toxicity and deaths associated with trauma. These findings show, that like other stimulant drugs, no specific concentration can be used to determine death without consideration of the history and full autopsy findings.

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A fatal overdose with 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine derivatives

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

Is the Use of Ecstasy and Hallucinogens Increasing?

Is the Use of Ecstasy and Hallucinogens Increasing?

Deaths associated with MBDB misuse

“Ecstasy” associated deaths: what is a fatal concentration ? Analysis of a case series

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