“…Several approaches to achieve p-type conductivity have employed Li [18], N [19,20], Na [21], P [13], Mg [22], and configurations using N as a co-dopant [23][24][25] with success in a laboratory environment. However, p-type ZnO film is of low stability, and the results are difficult to reproduce on a large scale, given the absence of good rectification in the ZnO p-n homojunction [22,23,26,27]. Among these elements, first-principles calculations indicate that substitutional group I elements are shallow acceptors, with limitations associated with their compensating mechanisms [28,29].…”