“…Yet, the train scheduling problem in a rail transit system is quite complex [6]. Numerous proposed scheduling models and algorithms have addressed different but related optimization objectives, including capacity, route service, minimal delay, passenger demand, operating cost, and transit unit (TU) circulation [7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, although the parameters of minimum headway and layover time at terminals were considered in these studies, other important factors, such as the tail track allocation strategy and delay recovery time distribution, were not included in these studies.…”