“…If direct solvers are used to solve the complex linear systems in (3), this approach essentially amounts to subspace iteration with the matrix A replaced by (A), that is, the FEAST package 1,4,14,17 ; see also other works. [18][19][20][21] It is also possible to consider contour integrals of other rational functions, for example, the scalar function u * ( I − A) −1 v, with u, v, ∈ C n , as proposed in other works. 2,3,22 The poles of this scalar function are the eigenvalues of A.…”