A feedback charge strategy for Li-ion battery cells based on Reference Governor

Romagnoli, Raffaele; Couto, Luis D.; Goldar, Alejandro; Kinnaert, Michel; Garone, Emanuele

doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2018.11.008

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This choice is motivated by the low computational footprint associated to such kind of models, which renders them suitable for real-time implementation. Among the different possibilities (see for instance [1,18,19], to name a few), the so-called equivalent-hydraulic model (EHM) [10] has been proven useful for estimation and control [4,20] due to its simple structure, reasonable accuracy and physical transparency.…”

Section: Battery Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The descriptor model for the linear approximated model of two battery cells in series (16), which are heterogeneous and electrically interconnected according to Eqn. ( 17), (20), takes the form…”

Section: Descriptor Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The repetition of the string voltageṽ in the measurement equation allows to account for the three voltage expressions, namely as a sum of functions of the batteries internal state in (16), as a function of the algebraic state and mismatched variable in (20) and as a combination of the internal state of the second battery and the algebraic state of the first one. On the other hand, the descriptor model ( 21) is able to incorporate algebraic variables like the string voltage as measurements, which contrasts with the ordinary differential equations model (16).…”

Section: Descriptor Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observer Design for the Series Interconnection of Li-Ion Battery Cells Subject to Reduced Voltage Information

Couto

Schons

Coutinho

et al. 2020

Volume 1: Adaptive/Intelligent Sys. Control; Driver Assistance/Autonomous Tech.; Control Design Methods; Nonlinear Control; Rob

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This work studies the estimation of internal states and voltages in a battery pack composed by lithium-ion cells subject to limited voltage and temperature measurements. A reduced-order electrochemical model for each cell is used. The considered cells are heterogeneous. They are electrically interconnected in series and thermally coupled. The resulting model is linearized and reformulated as a descriptor system. Such a model provides a unified modeling framework accounting for both battery cell dynamics and algebraic states arising from standard Kirchhoff’s laws. An observability study is exploited to design an observable descriptor system that requires the measurement of the surface temperature of one cell together with the total voltage. We resort to Lyapunov theory and the algebraic relationship between the descriptor system states and the measurements to derive a state observer that meets the following conditions. The error system is input-to-state stable and the effect of cell-to-cell variations on a specified performance variable is minimized. The state observer is obtained by solving a set of LMIs. The proposed scheme is able to estimate the state of each individual cell, including state of charge and inner temperature, as well as the unmeasured voltages. The effectiveness of the approach is tested in simulation.

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Section: Battery Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptor Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptor Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observer Design for the Series Interconnection of Li-Ion Battery Cells Subject to Reduced Voltage Information

Couto

Schons

Coutinho

et al. 2020

Volume 1: Adaptive/Intelligent Sys. Control; Driver Assistance/Autonomous Tech.; Control Design Methods; Nonlinear Control; Rob

Self Cite

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“…Although [29] underlines the computational burden linked to the model used within the charging policy, the authors do not explicitly consider how the nonlinear constraints impact the computational time of the proposed strategy. As an optimal constrained control algorithm for the fast charge of Liion batteries typically include nonlinear degradation limits, [30] introduces a reference governor approach that is able to manage non-convex constraints represented as OR-logical operators, whose experimental validation on commercial LCO batteries (Turnigy 160mAh) show strong evidence of achieving faster charges than commercial CCCV protocols while showing computational times within the same order of magnitude.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An ERG-based charging protocol based on the EHM, was introduced in [32] for the fast charge of Li-ion batteries. With respect to the scalar RG with OR-logical operators [30], this ERG embeds the non-convex constraints into a linear half plane. This choice reduces the computational burden of the charging strategy at each time instant at the cost of a higher level of conservativism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Complexity Fast Charging Strategies Based on Explicit Reference Governors for Li-Ion Battery Cells

Goldar

Romagnoli

Couto

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol.

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This paper proposes and compares a new family of low-complexity control schemes for the fast charge of Liion battery cells accounting for degradation constraints. These schemes are based on a two-levels architectures, where a lowlevel linear quadratic regulator (LQR) ensures stability and fast tracking of the applied reference, while an outer control layer, based on an explicit reference governor (ERG), enforces constraints satisfaction by manipulating the applied reference of the lower level. The ERG is based on the construction of a suitable Lyapunov level set contained inside of linear constraints. The main challenge to build a performing ERG for the fast charge of Li-ion batteries is how to choose a convenient Lyapunov function for non-convex constraints arising from the electrochemical model of the battery. This paper proposes and compares four different approaches to obtain performing Lyapunov functions for a concave constraint evaluating the impact on the charging time of a Li-ion battery and on the required computational time. Experimental validations on commercial LCO battery cells (Turnigy nano-tech 160 mAh) show a trade-off between the four methods computational time and the charging time.Index Terms-reference governors, explicit reference governor, state feedback control, lithium-ion batteries, fast charging, computationally-efficient constrained control, nonlinear concave constraints I. INTRODUCTIONS ince the release of the first lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell back in the 1990s [1], research on this technology has mainly focused on developing new battery materials to improve power delivery and extend lifespan. So far, little attention has been paid to improve the current battery charging protocols in order to reduce the charging time while increasing lifetime expectancy and safety. As the number of batterypowered devices increases in the daily life, customers are not willing to wait several hours for fully charging their batteries, Manuscript received August 18, 2019. 2nd Version Resubmitted April, 2020. This work is performed within the framework of the BATWAL project (Convention 1318146, PE PlanMarshall 2.vert) financed by the Walloon region.

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Sampled‐data adaptive observer for state and parameter affine systems with distributed and discrete output delays

Lailler

Giri

Ahmed‐Ali

2021

Adaptive Control & Signal

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We are considering the problem of sampled-data observer design for nonlinear time-varying systems that are state-affine. The novelty lies in that both distributed and discrete delays are considered in the output equation. The latter is also subject to a parameter uncertainty of nonaffine nature due to output sampling. Interestingly, all system delays are modeled using a single distributed representation, involving a distribution function, allowing thus for a unified treatment of delays. A Kalman-like observer is developed to cope with both state and parameter uncertainty. Its main components are (i) a time-varying-gain state-estimator involving both output and parameter rate injections; (ii) a distributed-nature adaptive output-predictor that compensate for all delay effects, including that of output sampling; (iii) an parameter-estimator that is optimized in the sense that it makes use of all available information. The resulting observer is shown to be exponentially convergent, for small delays and sampling intervals, provided the input signal is sufficiently exciting. The analysis is performed using a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, Halanay's lemma, Wirtinger's inequality, and other tools.

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A feedback charge strategy for Li-ion battery cells based on Reference Governor

Cited by 23 publications

References 35 publications

Observer Design for the Series Interconnection of Li-Ion Battery Cells Subject to Reduced Voltage Information

Observer Design for the Series Interconnection of Li-Ion Battery Cells Subject to Reduced Voltage Information

Low-Complexity Fast Charging Strategies Based on Explicit Reference Governors for Li-Ion Battery Cells

Sampled‐data adaptive observer for state and parameter affine systems with distributed and discrete output delays

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