A Feedback Regulatory Loop between G3P and Lipid Transfer Proteins DIR1 and AZI1 Mediates Azelaic-Acid-Induced Systemic Immunity

Yu, Keshun; Soares, Juliana M.; Mandal, Mihir; Wang, Caixia; Chanda, Bidisha; Gifford, Andrew N.; Fowler, Joanna S.; Navarre, Duroy A.; Kachroo, Aardra; Kachroo, Pradeep

doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.030

Cited by 178 publications

(244 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…1a, Supplementary Fig. 1b), in agreement with Yu et al 32 . AZI1:GFP was also visible in ER transcytoplasmic strands and ring patterns similar to outer envelope membrane (OEM) proteins that tightly surrounded chloroplasts 33 and in stromule-like projections (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Furthermore, DIR1:RFP colocalized with AZI1:GFP and EARLI1:GFP at perinuclear ER and plasmodesmata (Fig. 6b), as previously reported for AZI1/ DIR1 32 . We also detected co-localization at sites that abut chloroplasts, which are likely chloroplast-ER contact sites (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In Arabidopsis, Dex-inducible AZI1:GFP complemented the SAR defect of azi1-1 Arabidopsis ( Supplementary Fig. 3a), similar to constitutively expressed AZI1:GFP 32 . Upon Dex spray-treatment of two independent lines, AZI1:GFP showed similar localization as that seen in N. benthamiana.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…AZI1 can form a complex with DIR1 32 . To test whether EARLI1 might also form complexes, we co-expressed pairwise combinations of EARLI1, AZI1 and DIR1 in N. benthamiana.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Full dehydroabietinal responsiveness also requires DIR1 and AZI1 and is enhanced in the presence of AZA 17 . DIR1 and AZI1 were proposed to form part of a functional unit 12,32 and can form complexes that localize to the ER and plasmodesmata 32 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis AZI1 family proteins mediate signal mobilization for systemic defence priming

et al. 2015

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Priming is a major mechanism behind the immunological 'memory' observed during two key plant systemic defences: systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). Lipid-derived azelaic acid (AZA) is a mobile priming signal. Here, we show that the lipid transfer protein (LTP)-like AZI1 and its closest paralog EARLI1 are necessary for SAR, ISR and the systemic movement and uptake of AZA in Arabidopsis. Imaging and fractionation studies indicate that AZI1 and EARLI1 localize to expected places for lipid exchange/movement to occur. These are the ER/plasmodesmata, chloroplast outer envelopes and membrane contact sites between them. Furthermore, these LTP-like proteins form complexes and act at the site of SAR establishment. The plastid targeting of AZI1 and AZI1 paralogs occurs through a mechanism that may enable/facilitate their roles in signal mobilization.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…AZI1 can form a complex with DIR1 32 . To test whether EARLI1 might also form complexes, we co-expressed pairwise combinations of EARLI1, AZI1 and DIR1 in N. benthamiana.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis AZI1 family proteins mediate signal mobilization for systemic defence priming

et al. 2015

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Systemic Signalling in Plant Defence

Vlot

Pabst

Riedlmeier

2017

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Systemic signalling involves a complex network of signal transduction and amplification that leads to the activation of defence genes and establishment of systemic resistance throughout the entire plant. On microbial invasion, pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and effectors are frequently detected and recognised by plant receptors. Localised perception at the infection site rapidly triggers a cascade of early signalling events, including protein phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species. Subsequently, secondary signal molecules are synthesised and involved in amplification of defence signalling and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). An increasing number of long‐distance signalling intermediates has been identified. Most of these act together and specifically promote systemic defence via the regulation of the local release of a set of systemically mobile signals. In the systemic tissue, the induction of SAR depends on synergistic interactions between systemic and ubiquitous salicylic acid‐associated immune signals. Key Concepts Local resistance to pathogen infection generally results from PAMP (pattern‐associated molecular pattern)‐triggered immunity and microbial effector‐triggered immunity. Microbial infection of local tissues often leads to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distal tissues which provides long‐lasting broad‐spectrum resistance to a variety of pathogens. Reactive oxygen species mediate systemic immunity acting as both cell‐to‐cell systemic signals and as local signalling partners upstream of other phloem‐mobile signals. Mobile signals for SAR that are translocated via the vasculature may include methyl salicylate, the C 9 lipid peroxidation product azelaic acid, one or more lipid transfer proteins, the diterpene dihydroabietinal and the nonprotein amino acid pipecolic acid. Many of the SAR mobile signals cooperate with each other and with salicylic acid in one or more parallel and synergistic signalling pathways. As a form of priming, SAR is supported by epigenetic regulation of defence gene expression.

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The Arabidopsis thaliana N‐recognin E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS1 influences the immune response

et al. 2019

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N‐degron pathways of ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis (formerly known as the N‐end rule pathway) control the stability of substrate proteins dependent on the amino‐terminal (Nt) residue. Unlike yeast or mammalian N‐recognin E3 ligases, which each recognize several different classes of Nt residues, in Arabidopsis thaliana, N‐recognin functions of different N‐degron pathways are carried out independently by PROTEOLYSIS (PRT)1, PRT6, and other unknown proteins. PRT1 recognizes type 2 aromatic Nt‐destabilizing residues and PRT6 recognizes type 1 basic residues. These two N‐recognin functions diverged as separate proteins early in the evolution of plants, before the conquest of the land. We demonstrate that loss of PRT1 function promotes the plant immune system, as mutant prt1‐1 plants showed greater apoplastic resistance than WT to infection by the bacterial hemi‐biotroph Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000. Quantitative proteomics revealed increased accumulation of proteins associated with specific components of plant defense in the prt1‐1 mutant, concomitant with increased accumulation of salicylic acid. The effects of the prt1 mutation were additional to known effects of prt6 in influencing the immune system, in particular, an observed over‐accumulation of pipecolic acid (Pip) in the double‐mutant prt1‐1 prt6‐1. These results demonstrate a potential role for PRT1 in controlling aspects of the plant immune system and suggest that PRT1 limits the onset of the defense response via degradation of substrates with type 2 Nt‐destabilizing residues.

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A Feedback Regulatory Loop between G3P and Lipid Transfer Proteins DIR1 and AZI1 Mediates Azelaic-Acid-Induced Systemic Immunity

Cited by 178 publications

References 42 publications

Arabidopsis AZI1 family proteins mediate signal mobilization for systemic defence priming

Arabidopsis AZI1 family proteins mediate signal mobilization for systemic defence priming

Systemic Signalling in Plant Defence

The Arabidopsis thaliana N‐recognin E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS1 influences the immune response

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