A feeding study to probe the uptake of Maitotoxin by snapper (Pagrus auratus)

Kohli, Gurjeet S.; Papiol, Gemma Giménez; Rhodes, Lesley; Harwood, D. Tim; Selwood, Andrew I.; Jerrett, Alistair; Murray, Shauna A.; Neilan, Brett A.

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2014.05.018

Cited by 46 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Pellets were extracted with 2 mL of methanol and screened for the presence of maitotoxin (MTX‐1) and algal CTXs (CTX‐3B, CTX‐3C, CTX‐4A, CTX‐4B) using a LC‐MS/MS method developed by the Cawthron Institute (Kohli et al. 2014c). The limit of detection of the analysis was ~1 ng · mL −1 for MTX‐1 and <1 ng · mL −1 for the various CTX analogs monitored.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maitotoxins (MTXs) are also commonly produced, however, their role in CFP is yet to be established (Kohli et al. 2014c).…”

Section: Gambierdiscus Spp Identified Around Australia Including Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the discovery of the type species G. toxicus R. Adachi & Y.Fukuyo in 1977(Yasumoto et al 1977, extensive research has established that certain species of the genus are the primary sources of CTXs, the causative agent of CFP (Chinain et al 1997, Holmes 1998. Maitotoxins (MTXs) are also commonly produced, however, their role in CFP is yet to be established (Kohli et al 2014c).…”

Section: Gambierdiscusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Gambierdiscus lapillus sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae): a new toxic dinoflagellate from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

Kretzschmar

Verma

Harwood

et al. 2017

Journal of Phycology

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Gambierdiscus is a genus of benthic dinoflagellates found worldwide. Some species produce neurotoxins (maitotoxins and ciguatoxins) that bioaccumulate and cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), a potentially fatal food-borne illness that is common worldwide in tropical regions. The investigation of toxigenic species of Gambierdiscus in CFP endemic regions in Australia is necessary as a first step to determine which species of Gambierdiscus are related to CFP cases occurring in this region. In this study, we characterized five strains of Gambierdiscus collected from Heron Island, Australia, a region in which ciguatera is endemic. Clonal cultures were assessed using (i) light microscopy; (ii) scanning electron microscopy; (iii) DNA sequencing based on the nuclear encoded ribosomal 18S and D8-D10 28S regions; (iv) toxicity via mouse bioassay; and (v) toxin profile as determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Both the morphological and phylogenetic data indicated that these strains represent a new species of Gambierdiscus, G. lapillus sp. nov. (plate formula Po, 3', 0a, 7″, 6c, 7-8s, 5‴, 0p, 2″″ and distinctive by size and hatchet-shaped 2' plate). Culture extracts were found to be toxic using the mouse bioassay. Using chemical analysis, it was determined that they did not contain maitotoxin (MTX1) or known algal-derived ciguatoxin analogs (CTX3B, 3C, CTX4A, 4B), but that they contained putative MTX3, and likely other unknown compounds.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maitotoxins (MTXs) are also commonly produced, however, their role in CFP is yet to be established (Kohli et al. 2014c).…”

Section: Gambierdiscus Spp Identified Around Australia Including Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gambierdiscusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Gambierdiscus lapillus sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae): a new toxic dinoflagellate from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

Kretzschmar

Verma

Harwood

et al. 2017

Journal of Phycology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…MTX was generally considered not to be related to CFP symptoms, which are thought to be solely caused by ciguatoxins (CTX) (Lewis and Holmes, 1993). However, the propensity for MTX to accumulate in fish flesh following exposure to Gambierdiscus spp has been re-examined experimentally, and its role in fish toxicity remains incompletely known (Kohli et al, 2014c). A strain of G. yasumotoi was recently found to increase mortality and the expression of stress related genes in copepods (Lee et al, 2014).…”

Section: Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular phylogenetics and morphology of Gambierdiscus yasumotoi from tropical eastern Australia

et al. 2014

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“…According to structural relationships between congeners and proposed fragmentation pathways described in literature, these fragments can be observed in congeners with the same structure in K, L, and M rings as CTX4A, CTX4B, 52‐epi‐54‐deoxyCTX1B, and 54‐deoxyCTX1B from the CTX4A series, in addition to CTX3C, 49‐epiCTX3C, 2‐hydroxyCTX3C, and 2,3‐dihydroxyCTX3C from the CTX3C series. This hypothesis is supported by Rhodes et al and Kohli et al, using transitions for CTX4A, CTX4B, CTX3C, and 49‐epiCTX3C determination. In the case of CTX1B, fragmentation pathways are different due to the presence of a hydroxyl group in the M ring, and fragments were observed at 107.1, 109.1, 121.1, 149.1, 151.1, 153.1, 159.1, and 181.1 m/z.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of experiments for the optimization of electrospray ionization in the LC‐MS/MS analysis of ciguatoxins

2018

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Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is being widely applied as an analytical tool in the field of marine biotoxins both for regulated and for new and emerging compounds. LC-MS/MS recently became the reference method for the control of lipophilic toxins in the European Union, and new methods are being developed and optimized to extend the applicability of this technique to other toxin groups. In this work, conditions for the analysis of ciguatoxins (CTXs) by LC-MS/MS were investigated using standard solutions of CTX1B and CTX3C, which are structurally representative compounds for the rest of the main congeners of Pacific group toxins (P-CTXs). Preliminary studies were carried out for the selection of precursor and product ions used for multiple reaction monitoring. Two transitions based on the chemical structures of CTXs were set up, and mass spectrometer parameters were adjusted for selected reactions monitored. The electrospray ionization source has been carefully optimized through a design of experiments that consisted of a two-level fractional factorial design of resolution IV for the screening of adequate source conditions and of response surface designs for optimization of the main interactions between factors. The statistical approach allowed maximizing the sensitivity on the MS analyzer that provides a good specificity in P-CTX detection, which can be also used for confirmation purposes.

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A feeding study to probe the uptake of Maitotoxin by snapper (Pagrus auratus)

Cited by 46 publications

References 31 publications

Characterization of Gambierdiscus lapillus sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae): a new toxic dinoflagellate from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

Characterization of Gambierdiscus lapillus sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae): a new toxic dinoflagellate from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

Molecular phylogenetics and morphology of Gambierdiscus yasumotoi from tropical eastern Australia

Design of experiments for the optimization of electrospray ionization in the LC‐MS/MS analysis of ciguatoxins

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