A Few Critical Human Factors for Developing Sustainable Autonomous Driving Technology

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop a framework that can identify critical human factors (HFs) that can generate human errors and, consequently, accidents in autonomous driving level 3 situations. Although much emphasis has been placed on developing hardware and software components for self-driving cars, interactions between a human driver and an autonomous car have not been examined. Because user acceptance and trust are substantial for the further and sustainable development of autonomous driving technology, considering factors that will influence user satisfaction is crucial. As autonomous driving is a new field of research, the literature review in other established fields was performed to draw out these probable HFs. Herein, interrelationship matrices were deployed to identify critical HFs and analyze the associations between these HFs and their impact on performance. Age, focus, multitasking capabilities, intelligence, and learning speed are selected as the most critical HFs in autonomous driving technology. Considering these factors in designing interactions between drivers and automated driving systems will enhance users' acceptance of the technology and its sustainability by securing good usability and user experiences.

The Integrated Scheduling Optimization for Container Handling by Using Driverless Electric Truck in Automated Container Terminal

“…Traditionally, Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) have been widely deployed in many large container terminals worldwide due to their advantages in increased safety, productivity and significant labor cost savings [4], and even more environmental benefits if they use eco-friendly technology such as battery energy driven [5,6]. On the other hand, driving automation technology becomes more mature and attractive [7] evidenced by a number of literatures for its contribution in transport safety [8,9], driving experience [10], traffic efficiency [11], and economic achievement [12]. The electricity-powered driverless trucks (DET), when comparing with traditional AGV, are able maintain similar advantages but with far less initial capital requirement and there is no need to bury transponders (also known as magnetic nails) underneath road surface in advance [13].…”