A Field Investigation of
            <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>
            Contamination of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Other Washington, D.C., Buildings during the Anthrax Attack of October 2001

Higgins, James; Cooper, Mary; Schroeder-Tucker, L.; Black, Scott; Miller, David A.; Karns, Jeffrey S.; Manthey, Erlynn; Breeze, R. G.; Perdue, Michael L.

doi:10.1128/aem.69.1.593-599.2003

Cited by 92 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…B. thuringiensis forms insecticidal parasporal protein crystals during sporulation and is produced commercially as an insecticide (Schnepf et al, 1998). B. anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax (Thorne, 1993), has recently been the object of much attention (Higgins et al, 2003). B. globigii is not closely related to these three species, and its taxonomic status has been disputed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic force microscopy of Bacillus spore surface morphology

Zolock¹,

Li²,

Bleckmann³

et al. 2006

Micron

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Bacillus spore surface morphology was imaged with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine if characteristic surface features could be used to distinguish between four closely related species; Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Bacillus cereus strain 569, and Bacillus globigii var. niger. AFM surface height images showed an irregular topography across the curved upper surface of the spores. Phase images showed a superficial grain structure with different levels of phase contrast and significant differences in average surface morphologies among the four species. Although spores of the same species showed similarities, there was significant variability within each species. Overall, AFM revealed that spore surface morphology is rich with information, which can be used to distinguish a sample of about 20 spores from a similar number of spores of closely related species. Statistical analysis of spore morphology from a combination of amplitude and phase images for a small sample allows differentiation between, B. anthracis and its close relatives. q

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic force microscopy of Bacillus spore surface morphology

Zolock¹,

Li²,

Bleckmann³

et al. 2006

Micron

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“…antraksnim pismima sa sporama antraksa u kojima je život izgubilo 5 ljudi, a utvrđeno je da je ta bakterija bila genetički modifi cirana (7,32,34,(35)(36)(37). Spore antraksa su zbog svojih svojstava prikladne za takav način dostave i širenja te unos u organizam inhalacijom.…”

Section: Biološke Nokseunclassified

Toxicological Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Noxious Agents in Modern Warfare and Terorrism

Vučemilović¹

2010

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Oružja za masovno uništavanje najbolji su primjer uporabe civilizacijskih tehnoloških dostignuća u štetne svrhe i protiv ljudske civilizacije. Unatoč nastojanjima oko kontrole i smanjenja njihove količine, rizik zbog samoga postojanja pa čak i širenja zahtijeva da se o njihovoj uporabi i dalje vodi računa i da se povećaju obrambene mjere -nuklearno-biološko-kemijske obrane (NBKO). Osim suvremenog vojnika koji je u vojnim i mirovnim operacijama diljem svijeta izložen raznim noksama kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla, nezaštićeno i uglavnom slabo educirano civilno stanovništvo može biti izloženo terorističkim napadima. Oružja za masovno uništavanje i nokse kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla uzrokuju razne toksikološke posljedice, a bez obzira na njihovo podrijetlo, imaju zajednički nazivnik djelovanja -poremećaj fi ziološkog stanja u organizmu. Poremećaji proizašli nakon izlaganja tim noksama nerijetko se teško determiniraju, dijagnosticiraju i liječe. U ovome su radu s biomedicinskog aspekta obrađene važnije nokse kemijskog, biološkog i radiološkog podrijetla na temelju odabranih primjera iz terorizma i suvremenog ratovanja: polonij-210, osiromašeni uran, salmonela, bedrenica (antraks), genetički modifi cirane bakterije, polimerno predivo "paučina" i bojni otrovi sarin i iperit. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2010;61:247-256 Unatoč nastojanjima oko kontrole i smanjenja količine oružja za masovno uništavanje, rizik zbog njegova daljnjeg postojanja pa čak i širenja zahtijeva da se o njegovoj uporabi i dalje vodi računa te da se povećaju obrambene mjere -nuklearno-biološko-kemijske obrane (NBKO) (1-4). KLJUČNE RIJEČI: bedrenica, bojni otrovi, genetski modifi cirane bakterije, iperit, nuklearno-biološko-kemijska obrana, osiromašeni uran, polimerno predivo "paučina", polonij-210, salmonela, sarin, vojne operacije Vučemilović A. NOXIOUS AGENTS IN MODERN WARFARE AND TERORRISMOružja za masovno uništavanje prisutna su kroz cijelu povijest ljudske civilizacije. Od prastarih vremena kada su se protivnicima bacala trupla u bunare s pitkom vodom, do početka 20. stoljeća uglavnom su se rabila različita priručna sredstva u svrhu trovanja ili izazivanja zaraze. Razvoj oružja za masovno uništavanje u današnjem obliku i ustrojstvu počinje tek u 20. stoljeću usporedo s naglim razvojem kemije, biologije i fi zike (5-9).Danas postoji oko 45.000 tona kemijskog oružja deklariranog od Organizacije za zabranu kemijskog oružja (OPCW) za neškodljivo uništenje (10), a velik su ekološki problem i stotine tisuća tona kemijskog streljiva na dnu mora i oceana koje korodira, a izbacivano je s brodova ponajviše nakon II. svjetskog rata (11).Osim oružja za masovno uništavanje, opasnost su i ostale nokse: biološki agensi, kemijski elementi Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 8:31 AM

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“…Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have been used to detect and quantify aerosolized bacteria and fungus Williams et al 2001;Rintala et al 2004), as well as estimate airborne microorganisms present in WWTPs (Pascual et al 2003) and rapidly detect and determine airborne Mycobacteria associated with whirlpools (Schafer et al 2003). PCRbased methods have also been applied to distinguish seasonal microbial aerosol emissions from the surfaces of aeration tanks in industrial and municipal WWTPs (Ranalli et al 2000), determine the presence of Varicella zoster virus in the atmosphere (Sawyer et al 1994), and analyze environmental sample assays in response to bioterrorism attack (Higgins et al 2003). Compared with culture-based techniques for the detection of aerosolized Escherichia coli DH1, results with solid-phase PCR showed an increase in detection sensitivity (Alvarez et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial structure and chemical components of aerosols caused by rotating brushes in a wastewater treatment plant

Han

Liu

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Purpose Bacterial community structure and the chemical components in aerosols caused by rotating brushes in an Orbal oxidation ditch were assessed in a Beijing municipal wastewater treatment plant. Methods Air samples were collected at different distances from the aerosol-generating rotating brushes. Molecular culture-independent methods were used to characterize the community structure of the airborne bacteria in each sample regardless of cell culturability. A clone library of 16S rDNA directly amplified from air DNA of each sample was constructed and sequenced to analyze the community composition and diversity. Insoluble particles and water-soluble ions emitted with microorganisms in aerosols were analysis by a scanning electron microscope together with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and ion chromatogram analyzer. Results In total, most of the identified bacteria were Proteobacteria. The majority of sequences near the rotating brushes (the main source of the bioaerosols) were Proteobacteria (62.97 %) with β-(18.52 %) and γ-(44.45 %) subgroups and Bacteroidetes (29.63 %). Complex patterns were observed for each sampling location, suggesting a highly diverse community structure, comparable to that found in water in the Orbal oxidation ditch. of Mg, Cl, K, Na, Fe, S, and P were detected from the air near the aerosols source.Conclusions Differences in the structure of the bacterial communities and chemical components in the aerosols observed between sampling sites indicated important siterelated variability. The composition of microorganisms in water was one of the most important sources of bacterial communities in bioaerosols. Chemical components in bioaerosols may provide a media for airborne microorganism attachment, as well as a suitable microenvironment for their growth and survival in the air. This study will be benefit for the formulation of pollution standards, especially for aerosols, that take into account plant workers' health.

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A Field Investigation of Bacillus anthracis Contamination of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Other Washington, D.C., Buildings during the Anthrax Attack of October 2001

Cited by 92 publications

References 6 publications

Atomic force microscopy of Bacillus spore surface morphology

Atomic force microscopy of Bacillus spore surface morphology

Toxicological Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Noxious Agents in Modern Warfare and Terorrism

Microbial structure and chemical components of aerosols caused by rotating brushes in a wastewater treatment plant

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