A field study into the appropriateness of transcutaneous ultrasonography in the diagnoses of uterine disorders in reproductively failed pigs

Kauffold, Johannes; Rautenberg, Tanja; Hoffmann, G.; Beynon, Neville; Schellenberg, Ingo; Sobiraj, A.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.03.022

Cited by 28 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…). The same connection was reported earlier in mated sows that failed to conceive and was linked to uterine oedema and inflammation (Kauffold et al., ). Fluid accumulation, such as pus, has been associated with uterine inflammation such as endometritis (Martinez, Vazquez, Roca, & Ruiz, ), metritis (Botero, Martinat‐Botte′, & Bariteau, ) and pyometra (Knox & Althouse, ).…”

Section: Effect Of Parturition On Post‐partum Uterine Health and Postsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…). Transabdominal ultrasound examination appears to be the only reliable method (Kauffold et al., ) because sows with uterine inflammation, such as endometritis, may not exhibit clinical signs such as vaginal discharge (Dalin, Gidlund, & Eliasson‐Selling, ; de Winter, Verdonck, de Kruif, Devriese, & Haesebrouck, ). We investigated the correlation between farrowing duration, dystocia (time between two piglets more than 60 min), placenta expulsion duration, total birth duration (time between expulsion of the first piglet and the last placenta), onset of placenta expulsion, primary placenta retention and the effect of application of birth help or oxytocin on size of the uterus.…”

Section: Effect Of Parturition On Post‐partum Uterine Health and Postmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parturition effects on reproductive health in the gilt and sow

Peltoniemi

Björkman

Oliviero

2016

Reprod Domestic Animals

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connection to post-partum reproductive health and fertility. We discuss the normal physiology and behaviour around parturition and the effect of the second phase (expulsion of foetuses) on the third phase of parturition (expulsion of foetal membranes). In addition, we intend to cover retained placenta, and the connection to postpartum uterine health and fertility in the contemporary prolific sow. We also explore factors that support successful parturition or can cause potential problems. Successful parturition in the pig includes the possibility to express adequate maternal behaviour, rapid expulsion of the piglets, complete expulsion of the placenta, neonatal activity and colostrum intake. Abnormal incidents during any phase of parturition can cause subsequent problems. Duration of the expulsion phase of foetuses can be used as a simple measure of whether parturition is considered successful. Prolonged parturition can impair health of the sow and piglet and fertility after weaning. New insights, such as adding more fibre to sow diets during pregnancy, and especially during the period prior to farrowing, may prevent constipation, increase water intake of the sow around parturition and increase milk intake and performance of piglets. Maternal characteristics, including maternal behaviour, ease of parturition, colostrum production and piglet quality parameters, may be utilized to improve success rate of reproductive management during farrowing and early lactation. Additionally, we share some of the recent developments in methods, including ultrasonography in evaluation of post-partum uterine health. In conclusion, successful farrowing is of the greatest importance for reproductive health of the sow and survival of the piglets. We suggest connections exist among prolonged farrowing and yield of colostrum, retained placenta, development of PDS, and impaired involution of the uterus and reduced subsequent fertility.

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Section: Effect Of Parturition On Post‐partum Uterine Health and Postsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Effect Of Parturition On Post‐partum Uterine Health and Postmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parturition effects on reproductive health in the gilt and sow

Peltoniemi

Björkman

Oliviero

2016

Reprod Domestic Animals

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“…Transcutaneous scanning has been proven appropriate for pregnancy testing [16,19], ovary assessment [20], as well as the examination of the non-gravid uterus for puberty detection [21] or delineation of reasons for infertility [22]. Moreover, multiple measurements using freeze images and welldefined structures similar to what was necessary for GSA in this study has been proven possible in other studies where uterine crosssections of sows and gilts were measured for size [21,22]. Finally, the results of this study indicate that only two cross-sections are required to obtain a reliable grey value for the uterus of an individ- Once the cross-section was imaged in the defined focus zone and the ROI defined, GSA was performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of B-mode Ultrasound and Grey-Scale Analysis to Study Uterine Echogenicity in the Pig

Kauffold

Bussche²,

Failing

et al. 2010

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. This study was conducted to determine uterine echogenicity by grey-scale analysis (GSA) and transcutaneous ultrasonography in pregnant sows (P-sows; n=16) and gilts (P-gilts; n=13) vs. cyclic gilts (C-gilts; n=9) between days 8 and 16 post ovulation (po) with the aims of testing for feasibility of uterine GSA and of gathering reference data. Estruses and ovulations were hormonally synchronized and the animals artificially inseminated. Ovulation was monitored by ultrasound. The equipment used was a HS 2000 ultrasound unit and a 5 MHz linear probe. Unit settings were standardized for all GSA scanning sessions and the animals crated during scanning. For GSA, cross-sections of the uterine horns were imaged, entirely defined as regions of interest, and pixel analyses done. A total of 342 scanning sessions were performed, 341 GSA accomplished, and 1-13 cross-sections analyzed per session. Comparison of coefficients of variation suggests that analysis of two cross-sections per session is sufficient for a reliable GSA per animal. P-sows and P-gilts were similar in their echogenicity course, but differed from C-gilts. Most noticeable, echogenicity declined in pregnant animals on day 12 po, while it increased in cyclic gilts. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that GSA using transcutaneous ultrasound is a feasible procedure for the determination of uterine echogenicity in the pig, and that pregnant and cyclic pigs differ in the uterine echogenicity, particularly during the time when maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs. Key words: Female pig, Grey-scale analysis, Pregnancy, Ultrasonography, Uterus (J. Reprod. Dev. 56: [444][445][446][447][448] 2010) chogenicity is a valuable parameter in order to define the appearance of a tissue or organ by using B-mode ultrasound. Echogenicity is either described based on a score system, and is rather subjective depending on the assessment of the operator. Alternatively, grey-scale analysis (GSA) is used, which is based on computer-supported pixel quantification and is thus a more objective procedure. In large animal species, GSA has mostly been used to define echogenicity patterns of reproductive tissues such as of testes and accessory glands in growing bulls and rams [1,2], as well as of ovarian structures in mares [3], cows and heifers [4,5], and ewes [6,7]. Also, GSA has been employed for studying endometrial echogenicity in pregnant vs. non-pregnant cows [8][9][10] and the European roe deer [11], and has been advocated as an appropriate procedure for the delineation of uterine diseases in mares [12]. B-mode ultrasound is widely used in pigs too, and is predominantly dedicated to examine genital organs which include the ovaries as well as the pregnant and non-pregnant uterus [13]. While differences in echotexture patterns have been described for the porcine uterus depending on the stage of estrous cycle as well as for the healthy vs. diseased uterus, uterine echogenicity using GSA has never been studied except once in a very preliminarily study on a subset of cyc...

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“…Using this adapted method, levels of intoxication of up to 0.04 ppb for B1 and up to 0.1 ppb for M1 metabolites in liver could be found. possible levels of mycotoxins present in the feed stuffs, can be hugely advantageous in controlling these intoxications and often give a better basis for the evaluation of these toxins than bile and blood examinations (Kauffold et al, 2005a;Danicke et al, 2008). Although analyzing the level of mycotoxins in ingredients may be an option, it is not always easy and requires extensive sampling programs, mainly due to the presence of "hot spots", i.e.…”

Section: Control and Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of mycotoxins in pig reproduction: a review

Kanora¹,

Maes²

2009

Vet. Med.

101

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ABSTRACT:Mycotoxins are commonly present in feed for farm animals. Sows and gilts are highly susceptible to mycotoxins. This article presents a review describing the main mycotoxins encountered in pig feed which have a negative impact on sow fertility and reproduction. Consumption of feed that is contaminated with these mycotoxins may cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the type of mycotoxin, quantity and duration of exposure, as well as the health status and condition of the animal at the time of exposure. Two types of fungi are recognized, field fungi and storage fungi. Field fungi such as Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Claviceps spp. may produce toxins that lead to disturbed reproductive performance. Storage fungi occur if the humidity during storage is too high. In daily practice, the symptoms related to mycotoxicosis can occur at toxin concentrations below the detection limit. Knowledge of the effects of mycotoxins is expanding rapidly. Mycotoxins may still be present in feedstuffs despite negative analytical findings and because of the presence of hot spots in feed and or feedstuffs. Clinical symptoms can be very pronounced, making the diagnosis for the practitioner quite easy but in many cases the symptoms are vague and not at all present at herd level on a regular basis. The practitioner is in the first line of raising awareness in all parties whenever the first indication exists of a possible mycotoxicosis problem causing reproductive failure in breeding pigs. The problems can be resolved only if all parties involved in pig herd health take the necessary preventive measures and actions. The main toxins causing reproductive failure discussed in this article are aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids, trichothecenes and zearalenone.

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A field study into the appropriateness of transcutaneous ultrasonography in the diagnoses of uterine disorders in reproductively failed pigs

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Parturition effects on reproductive health in the gilt and sow

Parturition effects on reproductive health in the gilt and sow

Use of B-mode Ultrasound and Grey-Scale Analysis to Study Uterine Echogenicity in the Pig

The role of mycotoxins in pig reproduction: a review

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