A field trial to test the efficiency of induced partial saturation and horizontal drains to mitigate the susceptibility of soils to liquefaction

Flora, Alessandro; Bilotta, Emilio; Chiaradonna, Anna; Lirer, Stefania; Mele, Lucia; Pingue, Luca

doi:10.1007/s10518-020-00914-z

Cited by 38 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…IPS) in the field. Flora et al [8] applied different methodologies during in situ tests, respectively measuring the velocity of compression waves V p and the soil resistivity q (not discussed in this paper), both sensitive to a change in the saturation degree. Moreover, Okamura et al [27] measured the P-wave velocity, in field trial tests, to ensure the initially fully saturation of the liquefiable soil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some remarks on the assessment of P-wave velocity in laboratory tests for evaluating the degree of saturation

et al. 2022

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This work stems from the need to validate a technique for a reliably measurement of the degree of saturation (Sr) in deposits composed of sandy soils to improve their liquefaction resistance. The estimation of the degree of saturation of soil can be conducted by assessing the P-wave velocity (Vp), due to it values sharply increase near to the full saturation condition. P-wave measurements are comparable for in situ and laboratory procedures, offering prominent advantages for practical implementation. This paper presents a series laboratory results obtained from bender element tests conducted on a partially saturated monogranular sand. As a first approach, these tests were interpreted in the time-domain, showing how the interferences among the generated waves can significantly affect results and mask the actual degree of saturation in the specimen. However, a new processing of the output signal was carried out in the frequency-domain to accurate identify the wave propagation time. Moreover, results are discussed to investigate the mutual relationships between the Vp with Sr and Skempton’s B parameter. Finally, an experimental correlation between Vp and Sr is obtained, considering the strain level dependency of the soil behaviour, which can be adopted to interpret the results of in situ tests.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some remarks on the assessment of P-wave velocity in laboratory tests for evaluating the degree of saturation

et al. 2022

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“…As an example, the relationship between S r and P-wave velocity is reported in Figure 11 [62]. As known, when V p is higher than 1500 m/s, the soil can be considered saturated.…”

Section: Estimation Of the Degree Of Saturationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…As known, when V p is higher than 1500 m/s, the soil can be considered saturated. Relationship between Sr and P-wave velocity (modified after [62]).…”

Section: Estimation Of the Degree Of Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced Partial Saturation: From Mechanical Principles to Engineering Design of an Innovative and Eco-Friendly Countermeasure against Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction

Mele,

Lirer,

Flora

2024

Geosciences

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Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction is a catastrophic phenomenon that can damage existing building foundations and other structures, resulting in significant economic losses. Traditional mitigation techniques against liquefaction present critical aspects, such as high construction costs, impact on surrounding infrastructure and effects on the surrounding environment. Therefore, research is ongoing in order to develop new approaches and technologies suitable to mitigate liquefaction risk. Among the innovative countermeasures against liquefaction, Induced Partial Saturation (IPS) is considered one of the most promising technologies. It consists of introducing gas/air bubbles into the pore water of sandy soils in order to increase the compressibility of the fluid phase and then enhance liquefaction resistance. IPS is economical, eco-friendly and suitable for urbanised areas, where the need to reduce the risk of liquefaction must be addressed, taking into account the integrity of existing buildings. However, IPS is still far from being a routine technology since more aspects should be better understood. The main aim of this review is to raise some important questions and encourage further research and discussions on this topic. The review first analyses and discusses the effects of air/gas bubbles on the cyclic behaviour of sandy soils, focusing on the soil volume element scale and then extending the considerations to the real scale. The use of useful design charts is also described. Moreover, a section will be devoted to the effect of IPS under shallow foundations. The readers will fully understand the research trend of IPS liquefaction mitigation and will be encouraged to further explore new practical aspects to overcome the application difficulties and contribute to spreading the use of this technology.

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“…In addition, the desaturation of soils is one of the most promising techniques for increasing the liquefaction resistance on the field by changing the position of the groundwater level [15]. During seismic events, the pore pressure build up in the field can be controlled using drains (vertical or horizontal), offering good results against liquefaction as observed by Flora et al [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of an Alluvial Natural Sand: A Comparison between Fully and Partially Saturated Conditions

Cordeiro¹,

Molina-Gómez²,

Ferreira³

et al. 2022

Geotechnics

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Earthquake-induced liquefaction is one of the major causes of building damage as it decreases the strength and stiffness of soil. The liquefaction resistance of soils increases significantly as the degree of saturation decreases, making soil desaturation an effective measure for the mitigation of this phenomenon. This paper presents a comparative analysis of liquefaction resistance of an alluvial sand from Aveiro (Portugal) under fully and partially saturated conditions. For this purpose, an in situ characterisation based on CPTu and a laboratory series of cyclic triaxial tests were carried out. The cyclic triaxial tests were conducted under undrained conditions on remoulded specimens with different degrees of saturation, including the full saturation. On the other hand, the triaxial apparatus was instrumented with Hall-effect transducers to accurately measure the strains during all testing phases. In addition, it was equipped with piezoelectric transducers to measure seismic waves velocities, namely P-wave velocity, for evaluation of the saturation level of the specimen in parallel with the Skempton’s B parameter. Hence, relations between the B-value, and P-wave velocity and cyclic strength resistance are presented. The number of cycles to trigger liquefaction, considering the pore pressure build-up criterion, is presented for the different degrees of saturation. Results confirmed the increase in liquefaction resistance for lower degrees of saturation in this soil.

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A field trial to test the efficiency of induced partial saturation and horizontal drains to mitigate the susceptibility of soils to liquefaction

Cited by 38 publications

References 24 publications

Some remarks on the assessment of P-wave velocity in laboratory tests for evaluating the degree of saturation

Some remarks on the assessment of P-wave velocity in laboratory tests for evaluating the degree of saturation

Induced Partial Saturation: From Mechanical Principles to Engineering Design of an Innovative and Eco-Friendly Countermeasure against Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction

Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of an Alluvial Natural Sand: A Comparison between Fully and Partially Saturated Conditions

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