A Fifth Dynasty Reference to Annealing

Weinstein, James M.

doi:10.2307/40000770

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…For an annealing process, metalworkers in ancient Egypt used the annealing process as early as the old kingdom period. Annealing improves ductile of metal during the hammering, while the cold beaten metal becomes hard so it is subjected to embrittlement and brittleness (Maryon, 1949;Weinstein, 1974). The relief of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep also depicted the annealing process (fig.…”

Section: Theoretical Background For Manufacturing Technique Of Basins...mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Moreover, the first sources of pictorial and inscriptional relating to the metal-working have appeared on the tombs of this period. Generally, the tools of the Calcothic and copper age were made of pure copper and some of them showed the presences of arsenic that attributed to the use of copper ores including arsenic such as enargite Cu3AsS4 (Weinstein, 1974). Hammering was the manufacturing method of the copper tools of the chalcolithic age and subsequent ages preceding knowledge of other metals and alloys (Gänsicke et al, 2003;Weinstein, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, the tools of the Calcothic and copper age were made of pure copper and some of them showed the presences of arsenic that attributed to the use of copper ores including arsenic such as enargite Cu3AsS4 (Weinstein, 1974). Hammering was the manufacturing method of the copper tools of the chalcolithic age and subsequent ages preceding knowledge of other metals and alloys (Gänsicke et al, 2003;Weinstein, 1974). Pure copper is malleable and ductile, so it can be manufactured by hammering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Early Egyptian Copper Basin: Characterization and Case of Warty Corrosion

Salem¹,

Maher²

2022

SJSS

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The work aims to study the manufacturing technique, microstructure features, and morphology and mechanism corrosion of a hammered copper basin belonging to one of the early metallurgy ages in ancient Egypt ( the old kingdom). The examination and analysis were carried out by USB microscope, polarized light microscope, scanning electron microscope equipped energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction. The results revealed that the basin was made of pure copper metal and manufactured as one piece by a hammering method. Metallographic examination showed a recrystallized microstructure, composed by the mechanical process for manufacturing the basin throughout hammering and annealing. The cylindrical body (rim) was in well- preserved state although it was covered with a thin layer of usual green corrosion products. The pustules of warty corrosion were formed on the inner surface of the rim. The curly shape of malachite corrosion were also observed. The morphology and mechanism of warty corrosion were presented and the difference between this type and the pitting corrosion was discussed. The characterization of the basin contributed to understanding and evaluating the preservation condition, which contributes to choosing the appropriate conservation process.

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Section: Theoretical Background For Manufacturing Technique Of Basins...mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Early Egyptian Copper Basin: Characterization and Case of Warty Corrosion

Salem¹,

Maher²

2022

SJSS

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“…The chisel-and-hammer technique can indicate that Stela's engraver was a member of an organized community. The catalyst for the standardization of chisel-and-hammer technique in ancient Egypt was the technological evolution in the eld of metal processing that allowed hardening the metal, resulting in development of metal chisels (Adam, 1966;Etienne, 1968;Freed, 1984;Lucas, 1948;Miller, 1948;Smith, 1949;Stocks, 2020, Weinstein, 1974. This technique became further common through time until our days, called a 'universal technique' due its optimal labor e ciency, alongside potential precision (Rockwell, 1993).…”

Section: Unlocking the Perspectives Behind The Technical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techné of Rock Engravings –the Timna Case Study

Dubinsky,

Grosman

2023

Preprint

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Traditionally, rock-engravings were studied through their visual characteristics. They have been analyzed with comparative and interpretative methodologies of iconography and iconology. However, there has been a recent shift towards identifying production processes, allowing reconstruction of operational characteristics through various methods. Nevertheless, the studies of the technological aspects focus on the operational and the mechanical, omitting the visuality of the outcome. No unified methodologies have been offered to both technological and visual perspectives. In the current paper we are using ArchCUT3-D software for computational analysis of 3-D data acquired from various rock-engravings located in Timna Park, southern Israel. We show how micro-morphological evidence, extracted from the engraved lines, can decode technical trends and variabilities in a technique’s particular implementation. Then, we conduct a focused examination of one group of engraved figures in order to establish a link between execution techniques and visual considerations. Based on our results and the following discussion, we suggest the term Techné to indicate the choice of technique that go beyond the instrumental or purely operative perspectives. We highlight the intentional choice, which design the visual rhetoric of the engraved marks and suggest cultural concepts that contrived the procedural processes.

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Techné of Rock Engravings—the Timna Case Study

Dubinsky,

Grosman

2024

J Archaeol Method Theory

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Traditionally, rock engravings were studied through their visual characteristics. They have been analyzed with comparative and interpretative methodologies of iconography and iconology. However, there has been a recent shift towards identifying production processes, allowing reconstruction of operational characteristics through various methods. Nevertheless, the studies of the technological aspects typically focus on the operational and the mechanical, often omitting the visuality of the outcome. In the current paper, we are using ArchCUT3-D software for computational analysis of 3-D data acquired from various rock engravings located in Timna Park, southern Israel. We show how micro-morphological evidence, extracted from the engraved lines, can decode technical trends and variabilities in a technique’s particular implementation. Then, we conduct a focused examination of one group of engraved figures in order to establish a link between execution techniques and visual considerations. Based on our results and the following discussion, we suggest the term Techné to indicate the choice of technique that goes beyond the instrumental or purely operative perspectives. We highlight the intentional choice, which designs the visual rhetoric of the engraved marks and suggests cultural concepts that contrived the procedural processes.

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A Fifth Dynasty Reference to Annealing

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

An Early Egyptian Copper Basin: Characterization and Case of Warty Corrosion

An Early Egyptian Copper Basin: Characterization and Case of Warty Corrosion

Techné of Rock Engravings –the Timna Case Study

Techné of Rock Engravings—the Timna Case Study

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