A Finite Element Model for the Simulation of the UL-94 Burning Test

Marti, Julio; Idelsohn, Sergio; Oñate, Eugenio

doi:10.1007/s10694-018-0769-0

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The solid objects were modelled as highly viscous fluids with temperature-dependent viscosity. The same approach was extended to 3D simulations in [88,91] and used in [58,69] to reproduce a small-scale fire test used to assess the flammability of polymers.…”

Section: Thermal Coupled Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A State of the Art Review of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM)

Cremonesi

Franci

Idelsohn

et al. 2020

Arch Computat Methods Eng

Self Cite

117

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The particle finite element method (PFEM) is a powerful and robust numerical tool for the simulation of multi-physics problems in evolving domains. The PFEM exploits the Lagrangian framework to automatically identify and follow interfaces between different materials (e.g. fluid–fluid, fluid–solid or free surfaces). The method solves the governing equations with the standard finite element method and overcomes mesh distortion issues using a fast and efficient remeshing procedure. The flexibility and robustness of the method together with its capability for dealing with large topological variations of the computational domains, explain its success for solving a wide range of industrial and engineering problems. This paper provides an extended overview of the theory and applications of the method, giving the tools required to understand the PFEM from its basic ideas to the more advanced applications. Moreover, this work aims to confirm the flexibility and robustness of the PFEM for a broad range of engineering applications. Furthermore, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of the method, this overview can be the starting point for improvements of PFEM technology and for widening its application fields.

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Section: Thermal Coupled Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A State of the Art Review of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM)

Cremonesi

Franci

Idelsohn

et al. 2020

Arch Computat Methods Eng

Self Cite

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, the lower shrinkage ratio and higher T m [29] of the DOPO-m functionalized PE film could effectively restrain the spread of fire.…”

Section: Thermal Shrinkage Of Dopo-t/ Dopo-m Functionalized Pe Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide derivative grafted polyethylene films for improving the flame retardant and anti‐dripping properties

Xie

Leng

Dong

et al. 2020

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Two novel flame retardant and anti-dripping PE films were successfully synthesized in three steps. PEg -GMA film was first prepared by simultaneous electron beam irradiation to graft glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto PE film. 4,4 0-[1,4-phenyl-bis(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-yl) dimethyneimino)]diphenol (DOPO-t) and 4,4 0-[1,3-phenyl-bis (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-yl)dimethyneimino)]diphenol (DOPO-m) were then fabricated via a one-pot method. Finally, two DOPO derivative functionalized PE films were obtained through the ring opening reactions of PEg -GMA film with DOPO-t and DOPO-m, respectively. Combustion properties, flame retardancy, thermal performance, and thermal shrinkage of these films were evaluated. Compared with pure PE film, the burning rate of antidripping DOPO-t/DOPO-m functionalized PE films was reduced by 13.2% and 50.0%, and the limiting oxygen index value climbed to 18.5 and 19.5, respectively. The residual chars from DOPO-t/DOPO-m functionalized PE films at 700 C were increased, and the shrinkage ratio decreased remarkably, which could effectively prevent the spread of fire. We also discussed the effect of structural difference between DOPO-t and DOPO-m on the above properties and the flame retardant mechanism of two DOPO derivative functionalized PE films preliminarily. This work provides a method for introducing DOPO derivatives into PE molecules to improve their flame retardancy and anti-dripping properties.

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“…The domain devised has been shown to be suitable for approximating the thermophysical response during the first flame application despite the simplification made [5]. Modelling of the full UL94 test including melting and dripping is currently still being researched, although some attempts have been made with varying degrees of simplification [17,18]. The boundary conditions used for the work presented in this paper utilise a symmetry plane (Eq.…”

Section: Fig 4bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational study of how inert additives affect the flammability of a polymer

Roenner

Han

Krämer³

et al. 2019

Fire Safety Journal

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All polymers are flammable to some degree. For safety, polymer flammability is most commonly reduced through flame retardants that are designed to primarily act chemically as opposed to physically. Here, we investigate computationally using the code Gpyro how inert additives such as hollow glass spheres (HGS) and boron nitride platelets (BNP) alter the flammability properties of glass fibre reinforced polybutylene terephthalate (PBT-GF), in a cone heater and UL94 setup. The Gpyro model is first validated against experiments and another code, both from the literature, for pure PBT-GF. According to the predictions, HGS leads to higher surface temperatures but lower temperatures in-depth, whereas adding BNP yields the opposite effect. Modelling numerically the cone heater setup shows that at 50% HGS loading, the time to ignition is reduced to a quarter while the semi-steady state mass loss rate is reduced to a third; at 50% BNP loading, the time to ignition is doubled while the peak mass loss rate is approximately doubled. In the UL94 setup, where the sample is smaller than cone heater, the effects are similar although less pronounced. A sensitivity study of the thermophysical properties shows that time to ignition is primarily controlled by emissivity, density and specific heat capacity, while peak mass loss rate is controlled by thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity. This work shows how heat transfer within a thermoplastic polymer can be utilised to improve its flammability characteristics through inert additives as well as the limitations of this retardancy approach.

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A Finite Element Model for the Simulation of the UL-94 Burning Test

Cited by 20 publications

References 52 publications

A State of the Art Review of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM)

A State of the Art Review of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM)

Synthesis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide derivative grafted polyethylene films for improving the flame retardant and anti‐dripping properties

Computational study of how inert additives affect the flammability of a polymer

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