A finite element model for simulating temperature distributions in rotating food during microwave heating

Computer simulation of radiofrequency defrosting of frozen foods

“…Because ICCG is used to solve edge-based finite-element equations for quasi-static electromagnetic fields and heat transfer, other parameters, including the converge test tolerance levels, divergence tolerance and maximum iterations, were also necessary (Liu et al, 2013). The convergence test tolerance demonstrated the tolerated calculation error, while iterations showed the maximum number of repetitions of the analysis process until the desired convergence test tolerance (calculation error) was approached (Liu et al, 2014).…”

Temperature-Dependent Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Whey Protein Gel and Mashed Potato

“…The volumetric heating rate or the power deposition of microwaves (Q) can be calculated as: Q = 2πf·ε 0 ·ε″·(E rms ) 2 , where f is the frequency of the microwaves, ε 0 is the permittivity of free space, ε″ is the dielectric loss factor of the material, and E rms is the root mean square value of electric field intensity at a location (Liu et al, 2013). Therefore, the nonuniformity of the microwave heating rate is related not only to the electromagnetic field pattern but also to the spatial and temporal variation in food properties.…”

Multiphysics Modeling of Microwave Heating of a Frozen Heterogeneous Meal Rotating on a Turntable

“…In most cases, FDTD method‐based solvers are limited in simulation application because of their inability to handle irregular geometries and longer computational time. Alternatively, FEM‐based solvers have been used extensively in simulating microwave heating that includes complex geometries (Lin and others ; Geedipalli and others ; Liu and others ; Pitchai and others ). Solving coupled electromagnetic and heat and mass transfer equations in 3‐D space and time requires a great amount of computational resources.…”