A fire detection experiment in a wooden house by SnO2 semiconductor gas sensors

Smoldering fire detection using low-power capacitive MEMS hydrogen sensor for future fire alarm

“…In other words, CO can reach concentrations that affect the human body before the fire alarm is activated. It has also been reported that hydrogen, which is generated at the same time as CO, can be detected more quickly than CO in this type of incomplete combustion [3,5,6,11]. Given that hydrogen is lighter than air, hydrogen can easily be detected by placing a hydrogen sensor on the ceiling [5,6,11].…”

“…CO is produced from various fire sources, especially smoldering fires fueled by cotton or wood [3][4][5][6]. However, the ambient temperature increases only slightly when cotton combusts [3,4].…”

“…Although very little hydrogen is produced by smoldering fires (on the order of ppm), by employing a highly sensitive hydrogen sensor, it is possible to detect the hydrogen produced by a smoldering fire [3,5,6,11]. However, to continuously monitor hydrogen gas, hydrogen sensors must operate with low power consumption.…”

Development of an electronic nose for fire detection

“…Sensor combinations including gas sensors and specific signal processing algorithms have been used to address this problem [2][3][4][5][6]. For instance carbon monoxide sensors have been added to standard fire detectors since CO is generated in most fires [2,3].…”

Early forest fire detection using low-energy hydrogen sensors

“…The occurrence of hydrogen during smouldering fire was published in the literature (Cofer III et al, 1988;Jackson and Robins, 1994;Grosshandler, 1997;Krause et al, 2006). Amamoto et al (1990) pointed out that during the burning of wooden building hydrogen levels are raised and that hydrogen is the first detectable event during such an experiment. The concentration of hydrogen created during smouldering is about 20 ppm, which was measured in a shielded environment.…”