A first demonstration and analysis of the biprimary color system for reflective displays

Mukherjee, Shibabrata; Smith, Nathan J.; Goulding, Mark; Topping, Claire; Norman, Sarah E.; Liu, Qin; Kramer, Laura; Kularatne, Senal; Heikenfeld, Jason

doi:10.1002/jsid.225

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The particles are polydisperse, such that their electrophoretic mobilities are dissimilar but around 5 × 10 −6 cm 2 ∕V-s, as previously reported [8]. Differing mobilities lead to different velocities and, therefore, allow incomplete transport (spreading) of the particles if the application of voltage is limited in time.…”

Section: Device Design Fabrication and Materialssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…In addition, the Ag epoxy can also be used to provide a closed-cell seal to prevent pigment particle movement from cell to cell, which is important for applications such as windows where gravity could cause a net pigment particle migration due to gravity. Further supporting the simplicity of fabrication, unlike our previous in-plane designs [8], the hexagonal electrode grid is highly fault tolerant through electrical path redundancy (opencircuit defects in the lines are a nonissue). The only meaningful differences between the design of Figs.…”

Section: Device Design Fabrication and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The importance of this spreading will be presented in the next section on device operation. The raw spectral properties of the colloidal dispersion inks themselves, measured external to a device, can also be found in our previous work [8]. Both transmissive and reflective devices were created and tested in this work.…”

Section: Device Design Fabrication and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biprimary system for transmissive smart-windows uses only one color set, such as B/Y, and requires no subpixelation. The biprimary system for e-Paper displays utilizes three subpixels, each subpixel having one dual-color, dual-particle ink dispersion of R/C, G/M, or B/Y colors [8]. In each subpixel, the complementary colored particles are oppositely charged, with an example for the G/M subpixel shown in Fig.…”

Section: General Physics Of Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our research group previously proposed a new biprimary color system [7] and recently demonstrated basic proof of principle using traditional in-plane electrophoretic display architecture [8,9]. The biprimary color system uniquely allows a single pixel to be switched through mixtures of color states of K (black), W (white), and X and X 0 , where X and X 0 states are the two complementary colors from the RGB and CMY primaries (e.g., R/C, G/M, or B/Y).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrokinetic pixels with biprimary inks for color displays and color-temperature-tunable smart windows

et al. 2015

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We report on the advanced implementation of the biprimary color system in applications where subtractive color is performed inside a single pixel to alter the magnitude and color of reflection (electronic paper displays) or the optical transmission and color temperature (smart windows). A novel device structure can switch between four states: clear, black, either of two complementary colors from RGB and CMY sets, and also mixed states between one of these four states. The device structure utilizes an electrokinetic pixel structure, which combines the spectral performance of in-plane electrophoretic devices with the improved switching speeds of vertical electrophoresis. The electrophoretic dispersions are dual-particle dual-colored and are controlled using two traditional planar electrokinetic electrodes on the front and back substrates, along with a third electrode conveniently located at the perimeter of each unit cell. Demonstrated performance includes contrast ratios reaching ~10∶1, reflectance of ~62%, and transparency of ~75%. For electronic paper displays, these results provide a pathway to double the reflective performance compared to the traditional RGBW color-filter approach. For smart windows, the technology provides not only control of shade (transmission) but also provides complete control over color temperature. Furthermore, this three-electrode device can be roll-to-roll fabricated without need for any alignment steps, requiring only a single micro-replication step followed by self-aligned contact printing of the third electrode.

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Section: Device Design Fabrication and Materialssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Device Design Fabrication and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Device Design Fabrication and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Physics Of Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrokinetic pixels with biprimary inks for color displays and color-temperature-tunable smart windows

et al. 2015

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A Nonvolatile Phase‐Change Metamaterial Color Display

Carrillo

Trimby

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

116

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difference in their electrical and optical properties between their amorphous and crystalline phases. Moreover, they can be switched (optically, electrically, or thermally) between phases reversibly (potentially >10 15 cycles) and quickly (nanoseconds or faster). [1][2][3] Both phases (and indeed intermediate phases between fully crystalline and fully amorphous) are also stable at room temperature for a time on the order of years. [4,5] All these properties have made phasechange materials extremely attractive for commercial data storage technologies, in the form of rewritable optical disks and nonvolatile electronic memories. [6][7][8] More recently, as a result of the rather unique properties that phase-change materials possesses, their use has been extended to a number of exciting emerging applications including neuromorphic computing, [9,10] integrated photonic memories [11,12] and, the focus of this work, reconfigurable optical metamaterials/metasurfaces, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] which we here exploit for the realization of a new form of nonvolatile color display.Optical metasurfaces have great potential to generate color, and several different structures suited to this task have been suggested in the literature. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] A common approach is to utilize metallic (or metal-dielectric) nanorods [26,27,30,31] or other lithographically patterned metal-dielectric nanostructures [24,28,29] that generate structural (i.e., noncolorant) color using plasmonic effects. Such approaches are in general though "fixed-by-design," meaning that colors and images are essentially written permanently into the metasurface by the specific nanostructures used. For display and electronic signage applications, however, the ability to change the displayed image or information in real time is required. Here we provide just such a capability by combining a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) resonant absorber type optical metasurface [32,33] with a thin layer of chalcogenide phase-change material (PCM), so providing the key attributes of nonvolatile color generation and dynamic reconfigurability, the latter achieved by turning the MIM resonance "on" and "off" by switching the PCM-layer between its crystalline and amorphous states. Nonvolatility is a particularly attractive feature offered by phase-change based displays, since no power is needed to retain an image once it is written into the phase-change layer/pixels. [34][35][36][37] Moreover, the displays can work using only ambient (natural or artificial) light, which can Chalcogenide phase-change materials, which exhibit a marked difference in their electrical and optical properties when in their amorphous and crystalline phases and can be switched between these phases quickly and repeatedly, are traditionally exploited to deliver nonvolatile data storage in the form of rewritable optical disks and electrical phase-change memories. However, exciting new potential applications are now emerging in areas such as integrated phase-change photonics, phase...

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23.1: Invited Paper: Colloidal Dispersion Materials for Electrophoretic Displays and Beyond

Goulding

Smith

Farrand

et al. 2015

Symp Digest of Tech Papers

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Electrophoretic-based (EP) technology is a leading option for black & white reflective display media, notably for e-Readers.There is great future potential to extend electrophoretic and other colloidal dispersion based displays into a range of new application fields, such as digital signage, wearable displays and "smart windows". These new applications require novel particle and fluid concepts, which present many materials design challenges; especially bright colour, image stability and ultra low power consumption. The paper will discuss the state of the art and present new materials for a range of pixel architectures.

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A first demonstration and analysis of the biprimary color system for reflective displays

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Electrokinetic pixels with biprimary inks for color displays and color-temperature-tunable smart windows

Electrokinetic pixels with biprimary inks for color displays and color-temperature-tunable smart windows

A Nonvolatile Phase‐Change Metamaterial Color Display

23.1: Invited Paper: Colloidal Dispersion Materials for Electrophoretic Displays and Beyond

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