“…Privacy researchers as well as users have expressed deep concerns regarding privacy risks resulting from the collection, processing, and sharing of personal data by these apps and the lack of suitable privacy protection measures (Baumgärtner et al, 2020;Rowe, 2020;Fahey & Hino, 2020;Georgieva et al, 2021). Profiling and tracking of specific users (Wen et al, 2020;Bengio et al, 2021;Leith & Farrell, 2020), deanonymization of infected persons leading to stigmatization (Bäumgartner et al, 2020), data misuse by third parties (Azad et al 2020) and government surveillance (Rowe, 2020;Fahey & Hino, 2020;Georgieva et al, 2021) have been identified as some of the major privacy risks associated with contact tracing apps. The success of contact tracing applications is largely dependent on mass citizen acceptance (Fox et al, 2021) and with greater level of privacy awareness, convincing citizens to install and use these applications presents a significant challenge (Fahey & Hino, 2020).…”