A five-phase model for clinical-outcome research

Individual and environmental contributions to treatment outcomes following a neuroplasticity-principled speech treatment (LSVT LOUD) in children with dysarthria secondary to cerebral palsy: A case study review

“…The details of LSVT LOUD have been described elsewhere (Fox, Ebersbach, Ramig, & Sapir, 2012;Sapir, Ramig, & Fox, 2011). Phase IV effi cacy and effectiveness (Robey, 2004) has been established for use of LSVT LOUD with PD (Ramig, Sapir, Countryman, Pawlas, O ' Brien, Hoehn, et al, 2001a;Ramig, Sapir, Fox, & Countryman, 2001b). In addition, some single-subject designs and case studies using LSVT LOUD with other neurological disorders have reported positive improvements for dysarthria related to ataxia (Sapir, Spielman, Ramig, Hinds, Countryman, Fox, et al, 2003), stroke (Mahler & Ramig, 2012), multiple sclerosis (Sapir, Pawlas, Ramig, Seeley, Fox, & Corboy, 2001) and, most recently, CP (Fox & Boliek, 2012;Levy et al, 2013).…”

“…The goal was to test the presence of a therapeutic effect immediately following and 6-weeks after LSVT LOUD (Fox & Boliek, 2012;Robey, 2004).…”

“…The outcomes from that initial study formed the rationale for a second Phase I pre -post, betweengroups, design to validate and expand our understanding of the nature of observed changes in the original study (Fox & Boliek, 2012;Robey, 2004). This study (Boliek et al, in preparation) involved eight children who had dysarthria secondary to spastic quadriplegia-type CP (aged 6 -12) and eight age-and gender-matched typically-developing children.…”

Implementing two treatment approaches to childhood dysarthria

“…At this early phase of treatment research (Robey, 2004) on childhood dysarthria, it is premature to determine which sub-populations are more likely to benefi t from particular approaches. Rather, continuing to examine the feasibility and, ultimately, the effects of treatments is necessary for further developing the treatments (Butler & Darrah, 2001;Pennington et al, 2009).…”

Maintenance of speech in Parkinson’s disease: The impact of group therapy

“…130 Determining the efficacy of a specific treatment program requires "pre-trial" or Phase 1 studies in which hypotheses are determined, and the treatment protocol and outcome measures are defined. 260 The primary aim of this Phase 1 study was to explore the perceptual and acoustic speech outcomes following a specifically designed group therapy for people with PD who have completed intensive individual speech therapy. A second aim was to determine the impact of the group therapy on communicative effectiveness and quality of life in persons with PD.…”