A Flexible Lunar Architecture for Exploration (FLARE) supporting NASA's Artemis Program

Abstract

The Flexible Lunar Architecture for Exploration (FLARE) is a concept to deliver four crew to the lunar surface for a minimum of seven days and then return them safely to Earth. FLARE can be implemented whenever the component vehicles are operational. FLARE was developed as an alternative to NASA's Human Landing System (HLS) reference architecture from the Design Analysis Cycle (DAC) #2 created in 2019. The DAC2 guidelines required utilization of the Gateway vehicle in a Near- Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO). Instead, FLARE chooses a Low Lunar Frozen Polar Orbit (LLFPO) for lunar rendezvous of components, and an optional Gateway vehicle. The LLFPO provides a stable orbit that overflies the south pole every 2 h, ensuring easy access to the lunar surface for surface aborts with a much lower propellant requirement than NRHO. The minimum FLARE concept uses one Space Launch System (SLS) launch, one Orion, one European Service Module (ESM), and one human lander (launched on commercial vehicle(s)). FLARE adds the SpaceTug, based upon the mature and successful ULA “Common” Centaur Upper Stage vehicle, with modifications to create an Earth-Moon transfer vehicle. In the FLARE baseline mission, the SpaceTug provides propulsion needed to return the Orion + ESM from LLFPO to Earth. The SpaceTug also provides propulsion to deliver the separate human lander components – the Descent Element (DE) and the Ascent Element (AE) - from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to LLFPO. The SLS Block 1 then launches the Orion + ESM and completes a rendezvous with the mated DE + AE components in LLFPO. FLARE offers optional phases beyond the baseline mission. The SpaceTug can deliver components of the planned Gateway, including the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and the Habitable and Logistics Outpost (HALO), to LLFPO. FLARE provides an option to deliver precursor equipment to the lunar surface to enhance and extend the human mission. With these components, including an inflatable habitation module and airlock, individual crew mobility vehicle(s), an In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) demonstration, and science and technology experiments, the crew can explore and conduct science on the lunar surface for up to 14 days.

Similarities between Disaster Food and Space Food

“…In addition, some Japan Disaster Food certified products have a storage period of 7 years. Future Mars exploration is expected to take several years round-trip, respectively, and the best-by date of space food will be longer than currently required (11,12). To develop space food with a long shelf-life, the experience, know-how, and evidence obtained with disaster food may be useful.…”

“…Nevertheless, most space food used on the ISS is still supplied by NASA and Roscosmos. In the future, Lunar Migration and Mars Exploration Programs may force astronauts to live in space longer than E-mail: ntsubo@nibiohn.go.jp they do today (3,(11)(12)(13). To improve the quality of life of astronauts in a long-term space stay, it is expected that space foods from sources other than NASA and Roscosmos will become more common (10,14).…”

Electric Propulsion Methods for Small Satellites: A Review

“…A new water based resistojet called AQUARIUS from the University of Tokyo and JAXA managed 4 mN of thrust at 70 s specific impulse with just 20 W of power in ground testing [81]. Water will also be widely available as human expansion into the solar system continues, leveraging on the planned NASA artemis missions [89]. Water can be used as a propellant for other types of EP such as the GIT [90].…”

Parametric Study of a Lunar Base Power Systems

“…In 2017, American president Donald Trump announced a new national space program-Artemis, along with its goal to land the next man and the first woman on the Moon by 2024 [13][14][15]. The long-term purpose of Artemis is to engage commercial contractors and U.S. international partners to establish sustained human presence on the Moon, starting with the Artemis Base Camp located at the lunar south pole [14,16,17]. Most recently China presented the architecture and mission profile for their future manned lunar landings [18,19].…”