A Fluorescent Biosensors for Detection Vital Body Fluids’ Agents

Abstract

The clinical applications of sensing tools (i.e., biosensors) for the monitoring of physiologically important analytes are very common. Nowadays, the biosensors are being increasingly used to detect physiologically important analytes in real biological samples (i.e., blood, plasma, urine, and saliva). This review focuses on biosensors that can be applied to continuous, time-resolved measurements with fluorescence. The material presents the fluorescent biosensors for the detection of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other human metabolites as glucose, lactate or uric acid. The construction of microfluidic devices based on fluorescence uses a variety of materials, fluorescent dyes, types of detectors, excitation sources, optical filters, and geometrical systems. Due to their small size, these devices can perform a full analysis. Microfluidics-based technologies have shown promising applications in several of the main laboratory techniques, including blood chemistries, immunoassays, nucleic-acid amplification tests. Of the all technologies that are used to manufacture microfluidic systems, the LTCC technique seems to be an interesting alternative. It allows easy integration of electronic and microfluidic components on a single ceramic substrate. Moreover, the LTCC material is biologically and chemically inert, and is resistant to high temperature and pressure. The combination of all these features makes the LTCC technology particularly useful for implementation of fluorescence-based detection in the ceramic microfluidic systems.

Emerging biosensors in detection of natural products

“…The signals may be derived from changes in pH, charge, polarity, or viscosity of fluorophores [ 87 ]. These biosensors use organic dyes, carbon quantum dots (QDs), and semiconductor QDs as fluorophores [ 88 ]. Castaño-Cerezo et al proposed a fluorescence-based synthetic biosensor that could detect the production of benzoic acid in a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae both in vitro and in vivo .…”

Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots in Biomedical Sensors

“…Fluorescence is a process with a short life-span of luminescence generated due to the creation of electromagnetic excitation upon a material absorbing higher light energy and consecutively, emitting lower light energy, i.e., at a shorter and longer wavelengths, respectively [88][89][90]. In fluorescence, duration from the absorption till emission phenomena is within just a fraction of a second, ranging from 10 −9 to 10 −8 s. [91].…”

3D-Printed Microfluidic Sensor for Fluorescence Measurements

“…Electronic technologies are quite well developed, there are several that can incorporate microfluidic channels, such as semiconductor [2], ceramic [3] and polymer [4,5]. On the other hand, optical microsystems require more complex manufacturing techniques [6]. The main issue is optical transparency-therefore silicon is commonly bonded with glass [7] and ceramics with PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane, an elastic silicon-based polymer [8].…”