“…Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are a simple, fast, and inexpensive tool for detection of Ca 2+ in seawater, − as compared to the traditional titration method and the expensive instrument-dependent techniques, such as ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), capillary electrophoresis, and fluorometry. ,− More importantly, ISEs are a promising tool for providing real-time, in situ detection of Ca 2+ in seawater. , It is known that most of the reported Ca 2+ -ISEs are operated at room temperature, and the potentiometric responses conform to the Nernst equation under zero-current conditions. According to the theoretical slope of 29.6 mV/dec at 25 °C, a potential change of 1 mV may lead to an 8% deviation in the activity of Ca 2+ .…”