A Focused Review on Molecular Signalling Mechanisms of Ginsenosides Anti-Lung Cancer and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Abstract

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a cultivated medicinal herb that has been widely available in the Asian region since the last century. Ginseng root is used worldwide in Oriental medicine. Currently, the global mortality and infection rates for lung cancer and inflammation are significantly increasing. Therefore, various preventive methods related to the activity of ginsenosides have been used for lung cancer as well as inflammation. Methods: Web-based searches were performed on Web of Science, Springer, PubMed, and Scopus. A cancer statistical analysis was also conducted to show the current ratio of affected cases and death from lung cancer around the world. Results: Ginsenosides regulates the enzymes involved in tumor growth, and migration. such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), the gelatinase network metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2/9) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). In addition, ginsenosides also possess anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the formation of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-) (TNF-) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and controlling the activities of inflammatory signalling pathways, such as NF-κB, janus kinase2/signal transducer, and activator of transcription3 (Jak2/Stat3). Conclusion: In several in vitro and in vivo models, P. ginseng showed potential beneficial effects in lung cancer and inflammation treatment. In this review discussion, we summarized in detail the up-to-date research evidence for anti-lung cancer and anti-inflammatory protective effects of ginsenosides and their potential molecular mechanisms.

Using Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Study the Main Active Substances of the Anticancer Effect in Mice from Panax ginseng–Ophiopogon japonicus

“…In this study, based on UPLC–MS/MS analysis, we successfully identified and selected 20 prototype components for further pharmacokinetic studies. These prototype components have shown therapeutic potential in inhibiting cancer cells [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Ginsenosides: a potential natural medicine to protect the lungs from lung cancer and inflammatory lung disease

“…23 Ginsenosides have been shown to exert anti-lung cancer activity by modulating multiple pathways of growth and metastasis. 24 However, there is no detailed review addressing the protective role of ginsenosides in lung protection. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides against lung cancer in terms of proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, drug resistance and immunological effects will be discussed in detail, along with the nano-delivery systems and their protective effects and molecular mechanisms against pulmonary inflammatory diseases.…”

Cissus antractica -ZnO NPs Induce Apoptosis in A549 Cells through ROS-Mediated p53/Bcl-2/Bax Signaling Pathways and Inhibit Inflammatory Cytokines

“…Since prehistoric times, plant-based medications have served as the foundation of traditional medical practices used in many nations, including Egypt, India, and China [31]. Due to their unique effectiveness, safety, and economical impact on cancer, natural products today play an important role in cancer prevention and therapy [32,33]. With approximately 300 species dispersed over all of the major tropical zones, Cissus is the biggest genus in the Vitaceae family of grapes [34].…”