A Forgotten Corner in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Role of Lipids

Abstract

In the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has achieved great success owing to the unravelling of unknown molecular forces in cancer immunity. However, it is critical that we address the limitations of current immunotherapy, including immune-related adverse events and drug resistance, and further enhance current immunotherapy. Lipids are reported to play important roles in modulating immune responses in cancer. Cancer cells use lipids to support their aggressive behaviour and allow immune evasion. Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells destroys the equilibrium between lipid anabolism and catabolism, resulting in lipid accumulation within the tumour microenvironment (TME). Consequently, ubiquitous lipids, mainly fatty acids, within the TME can impact the function and phenotype of infiltrating immune cells. Determining the complex roles of lipids and their interactions with the TME will provide new insight for improving anti-tumour immune responses by targeting lipids. Herein, we present a review of recent literature that has demonstrated how lipid metabolism reprogramming occurs in cancer cells and influences cancer immunity. We also summarise the potential for lipid-based clinical translation to modify immune treatment.

Potential Therapeutic Properties of the Leaf of Cydonia Oblonga Mill. Based on Mineral and Organic Profiles

“…Overall, green and brown leaf samples presented a different profile, characterized by a higher value (55.42% and 55.26%, respectively) of unsaturated fatty acids when compared with yellow leaf composition (43.68%), originating a ratio of 1.3 and 1.2, respectively, which is in line with the recommended nutritional guidelines of a PUFA/SFA ratio > 0.4 [ 111 , 112 ]. Given the tendency of ALA for a pro-oxidant state, it is possible to infer that yellow quince leaves, due to their close MUFA content (15.53%) to PUFA (28.15%) content, have a higher potential to be used as an extract for meat preservation to defend against dietary dangers such as cancer development and immune system compromise [ 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 ]. Of course, in order to obviate and support the potential therapeutic indications with C. oblonga , it will be necessary to carry out deep specific clinical studies as well as bio-physiological evaluations based on adequate cell culture in the future.…”

Altered Lipid Profile in COVID-19 Patients and Metabolic Reprogramming

“…The effects of lipids on infection development play a pivotal role. The function of lipids was gradually decrypted, which was used as an alternative source in pathologic conditions ( Olsen et al, 2021 ), and was involved in the virus infection, was involved in transport of cell membrane, and activated intricate signaling pathways related to the immune system ( Yu et al, 2021 ). Lipid metabolism dysfunction in the host has extensive effects on immune cells.…”

Tumor Metabolism-Rewriting Nanomedicines for Cancer Immunotherapy

“…Under hypoxic and nutrient-poor conditions, cancer cells can use FAO-based lipid metabolism for supplying energy and maintaining their survival and growth. , It should be noted that lipid metabolism can also impact the phenotype and antitumor function of TIICs . Bioactive lipids (e.g., prostaglandins, FA, and cholesterol) can promote tumor immune escape by affecting cancer immunity cycles, such as the formation and presentation of tumor-associated antigens, priming, and activation of Teff cells . Therefore, regulating lipid metabolism in the TME could be an effective way to restore antitumor immunity.…”

“…145 Bioactive lipids (e.g., prostaglandins, FA, and cholesterol) can promote tumor immune escape by affecting cancer immunity cycles, such as the formation and presentation of tumor-associated antigens, priming, and activation of Teff cells. 146 Therefore, regulating lipid metabolism in the TME could be an effective way to restore antitumor immunity. In this section, we summarize recent advances in the development of nanomedicines that can synergize with tumor immunotherapy by regulating lipid metabolism in TME.…”