A formylpeptide receptor, FPRL1, acts as an efficient coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract

Background: More than 10 members of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to work as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV type 2 (HIV-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). As a common feature of HIV/ SIV coreceptors, tyrosine residues are present with asparagines, aspartic acids or glutamic acids in the amino-terminal extracellular regions (NTRs).

Virus Entry via the Alternative Coreceptors CCR3 and FPRL1 Differs by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype

“…There have been prior studies suggesting that a peptide derived from either the C4-V4 region of subtype B Env (23) or from the V3 region (64) could react with FPRL1, but its use as an alternative CoR has only recently been documented (67). FPRL1 is expressed on a variety of human cell types, including monocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells (52), that potentially could serve as targets for HIV-1 infection.…”

“…NP-2/CD4 cells engineered to express the GPCR proteins CCR5, CCR3, CMKLR1/ChemR23, APJ, CCR1, CCR6, CCR8, CXCR6/Strl33/BONZO, GPR1, RDC1, FPRL1, or CXCR4 (49,(65)(66)(67)(68)(69) were used as target cells for infection by luciferase reporter viruses (19) pseudotyped with Env proteins expressed from full-length env clones, as described previously (56,57). The NP-2/CD4/CoR cell lines were kindly provided by the Hoshino (all but CMKLR1/ChemR23) and Mårtensson (CMKLR1/ ChemR23) laboratories.…”

“…CXCR4 is an additional CoR for up to 50% of subtype B and D HIV-1 isolates at very late stages of disease (4,7,28,35). Many other seven-membrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified as alternative CoRs when expressed on various target cell lines in vitro, including CCR1 (76,79), CCR2b (24), CCR3 (3,5,17,32,60), CCR8 (18,34,38), GPR1 (27,65), GPR15/BOB (22), CXCR5 (39), CXCR6/Bonzo/STRL33/TYMSTR (9,22,25,45,46), APJ (26), CMKLR1/ChemR23 (49,62), FPLR1 (67,68), RDC1 (66), and D6 (55). HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac isolates more frequently show expanded use of these alternative CoRs than HIV-1 isolates (12,30,51,74), and evidence that alternative CoRs other than CXCR4 mediate infection of primary target cells by HIV-1 isolates is sparse (18,30,53,81).…”

Antiviral activity of acid beta-glucosidase 1 on enterovirus 71, a causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease

“…Details for U251MG, 293T, ED and Namalwa cell culture were described previously [27][28][29][30][31]. RD18S cells were a generous gift from Kyoko Akiyoshi at the Kobe Institute of Health, Japan.…”

“…Immunofluorescence assays were performed as described previously [34], and samples were imaged using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (TCS SPE; Leica). For staining, anti-GBA1 monoclonal antibodies (Abnova) and Alexa 555-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies (Invitrogen) were used.…”