A forward email based high capacity text steganography technique using a randomized and indexed word dictionary

Maji, Giridhar; Mandal, Sharmistha

doi:10.1007/s11042-020-09329-z

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Regarding random methods, ref. [82] applied a randomized indexed word dictionary and a list of email addresses to increase the hiding capacity and security. A forward email platform can also be used as cover media, such as in [83,86], and hides the secret bits within several email addresses generated through the body of the email.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

et al. 2021

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There has been a persistent requirement for safeguarding documents and the data they contain, either in printed or electronic form. This is because the fabrication and faking of documents is prevalent globally, resulting in significant losses for individuals, societies, and industrial sectors, in addition to national security. Therefore, individuals are concerned about protecting their work and avoiding these unlawful actions. Different techniques, such as steganography, cryptography, and coding, have been deployed to protect valuable information. Steganography is an appropriate method, in which the user is able to conceal a message inside another message (cover media). Most of the research on steganography utilizes cover media, such as videos, images, and sounds. Notably, text steganography is usually not given priority because of the difficulties in identifying redundant bits in a text file. To embed information within a document, its attributes must be changed. These attributes may be non-displayed characters, spaces, resized fonts, or purposeful misspellings scattered throughout the text. However, this would be detectable by an attacker or other third party because of the minor change in the document. To address this issue, it is necessary to change the document in such a manner that the change would not be visible to the eye, but could still be decoded using a computer. In this paper, an overview of existing research in this area is provided. First, we provide basic information about text steganography and its general procedure. Next, three classes of text steganography are explained: statistical and random generation, format-based methodologies, and linguistics. The techniques related to each class are analyzed, and particularly the manner in which a unique strategy is provided for hiding secret data. Furthermore, we review the existing works in the development of approaches and algorithms related to text steganography; this review is not exhaustive, and covers research published from 2016 to 2021. This paper aims to assist fellow researchers by compiling the current methods, challenges, and future directions in this field.

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Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A randomized indexed word dictionary was presented in [82], in addition to a list of emails to increase security and hiding capacity. A forward email is used as a cover.…”

Section: Random and Statistical Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

et al. 2021

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“…Randomization is a concept that can be used as opposed to the sequential concept. This concept can be seen used in text steganography, as found in [18], which used randomization in selecting the forward emails as a cover text. A randomized index-based word dictionary is used to encrypt the carbon copy field that contains hidden data.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is the length of the common prefix at the start of the string up to a maximum of 4, is the constant scaling factor , is the number of matched characters, is the first string, is the second string, and is the number of transpositions. As in [18,21], hiding capacity is defined as the hidden data size relative to the size of the stego cover. Formulation (3) can be used for calculating the hiding capacity.…”

Section: Experimental and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

New Text Steganography Technique based on Multilayer Encoding with Format-Preserving Encryption and Huffman Coding

Majeed¹,

Sulaiman²,

Shukur³

2022

IJACSA

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Steganography is the process of hiding secret data inside other media or cover media. Balancing the requirements for capacity, security, and imperceptibility is the main challenge for any successful steganography system. In text steganography, the data hiding capacity is limited because of the lack of redundant data compared to other digital media, such as images, video, or audio. Other challenges in text steganography are imperceptibility and security. Poor imperceptibility results from the structure of the text file, which is more visually apparent in terms of syntax and grammar than in other media. Low level of security results from the sequential selection of positions for embedding secret data due to insufficient redundant data in a text file. Therefore, an attacker or a third party would notice slight changes in the text file. This paper proposes a new text steganography method that combines cryptography and compression techniques to deal with these issues. This technique is used to conceal secret data to achieve high data hiding capacity in the cover text while maintaining security and imperceptibility. Multilayer encoding and Format-Preserving Encryption (FPE) with Huffman Coding, are applied to secret data before embedding. Invisible Unicode characters are employed to embed secret data into English text files to generate stego files. Results show that the proposed method satisfies capacity and imperceptibility in the cover file by comparing it with previously developed methods.

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“…In encoding the format-based method, the physical attributes of the words are changed to hide the secret data, which is dependent on symbols in different languages. Various studies focus on improving text steganography's capacity by changing the text format's physical nature using format-based approaches [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Text Steganography Technique Based on Part-of-Speech Tagging and Format-Preserving Encryption

2024

KSII TIIS

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The transmission of confidential data using cover media is called steganography. The three requirements of any effective steganography system are high embedding capacity, security, and imperceptibility. The text file's structure, which makes syntax and grammar more visually obvious than in other media, contributes to its poor imperceptibility. Text steganography is regarded as the most challenging carrier to hide secret data because of its insufficient redundant data compared to other digital objects. Unicode characters, especially non-printing or invisible, are employed for hiding data by mapping a specific amount of secret data bits in each character and inserting the character into cover text spaces. These characters are known with limited spaces to embed secret data. Current studies that used Unicode characters in text steganography focused on increasing the data hiding capacity with insufficient redundant data in a text file. A sequential embedding pattern is often selected and included in all available positions in the cover text. This embedding pattern negatively affects the text steganography system's imperceptibility and security. Thus, this study attempts to solve these limitations using the Part-of-speech (POS) tagging technique combined with the randomization concept in data hiding. Combining these two techniques allows inserting the Unicode characters in randomized patterns with specific positions in the cover text to increase data hiding capacity with minimum effects on imperceptibility and security. Format-preserving encryption (FPE) is also used to encrypt a secret message without changing its size before the embedding processes. By comparing the proposed technique to already existing ones, the results demonstrate that it fulfils the cover file's capacity, imperceptibility, and security requirements.

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A forward email based high capacity text steganography technique using a randomized and indexed word dictionary

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

New Text Steganography Technique based on Multilayer Encoding with Format-Preserving Encryption and Huffman Coding

New Text Steganography Technique Based on Part-of-Speech Tagging and Format-Preserving Encryption

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