A Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Vector Map Data Using Geographic Graticule Block-Wise Method

A Novel Infringement Detection Method for GIS Vector Data

“…However, the data structure of vector data is complex, including geometric information, attribute information, and topology information, which has four basic features of spatial, attribute, temporal, and scale, which increases the difficulty of vector data digital watermarking research. Currently, most scholars use the spatial features of vector data to study vector data digital watermarking technology due to the inapplicability of the attribute, temporal, and scale features of vector data [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Thus, the robustness of the watermarking algorithm after the spatial features of vector data is subjected to different geometric attack methods must be considered in the research of vector data digital watermarking algorithms.…”

“…Thus, the robustness of the watermarking algorithm after the spatial features of vector data is subjected to different geometric attack methods must be considered in the research of vector data digital watermarking algorithms. Common geometric attack methods mentioned in [12,[14][15][16][17][18][19] include interpolation attack, deletion attack, similarity transformation attack, feature order scrambling attack, feature simplification attack, and coordinate system conversion attack. Their definitions are described below.…”

“…Interpolation attack: The interpolation attack refers to the process of adding new features to the original vector data [14,[16][17][18][19]. • Deletion attack: The deletion attack aims to delete some features from the original vector data [15][16][17][18][19].…”

“…Interpolation attack: The interpolation attack refers to the process of adding new features to the original vector data [14,[16][17][18][19]. • Deletion attack: The deletion attack aims to delete some features from the original vector data [15][16][17][18][19]. • Similarity transformation attack: The similarity transformation attack is a geometrically similarity transformation of the original vector data, including translation attack, rotation attack, and scaling ISPRS Int.…”

“…The spatial coordinates of the features will generally differ from the original data after the data is subjected to this type of attack. • Feature order scrambling attack: The feature order scrambling attack disrupts the order of the feature in the original vector data [15,17,19], such as modifying the FID of a feature from 0 to 1 in a shapefile vector data. This type of attack only modifies the order of features without modifying the coordinates of the features, thus the data before and after the attack does not change visually.…”