“…In the private sector, which faces not only turbulent but also competitive decision environments, big data, business intelligence, and business analytics have been increasingly adopted and used to enhance organizational, analytical capabilities such as organizational memory, information integration, insight creation and visual presentation [43], managerial decision-making effectiveness [10], organizational performance [30,44], and supply chain performance [51,56]. In contrast, while the use of big data [21], business intelligence, and business analytics tools by large-size local governments in the U.S. has been studied for enhanced public services in the e-government field [13], there remains a relative lack of knowledge and understanding about effective business analytics use in a policy decision-making context in turbulent times.…”