A Framework for Comparing Climate Mitigation Policies Across Countries

Abstract

IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.

Urban Meteorology, Pollutants, Geomorphology, Fractality, and Anomalous Diffusion

“…The reason for this are the components of the Earth's surface energy flux Q* + Q F = Q H + Q E + ∆Q S + ∆Q A , where Q* is the net radiation, Q F is the anthropogenic energy release into the control volume, Q H sensible heat flux, Q E is the latent heat, ∆Q S is the accumulated heat flux within the control volume element that includes air, trees, building materials, and soil, and ∆Q A is the net advection through the lateral sides of the control volume [32][33][34]. It is difficult for impermeable surfaces to present the cooling effects driven by latent heat, adding to this the production of heat and pollution from industry and traffic, increasing the effects of climate change [35][36][37][38][39]. For two decades, in relation to climate change in Chile, heat waves have appeared, more intense and of a longer duration, focusing on the center of the country, which contains the capital of Chile, in an area with a basin geography.…”

Fiscal Implications of Global Decarbonization

“…10 Second, a side agreement should contain concrete policy actions (like minimum pricing requirements as discussed in to deliver the needed global emissions reductions. Since carbon pricing might not be politically feasible in all countries, the agreement should allow for flexibility in instrument choice to accommodate alternative (but emissions equivalent) approaches (Black et al 2022a). Third, the side agreement should address international equity issues.…”

Scaling Hydrogen Financing for Development

“…Governments can impose taxes and implement custom incentives to promote clean technologies and benefit the clean hydrogen industry. Options may be categorized into four groups: (1) fuel excise taxes, (2) energy subsidy reforms, (3) clean technology tax rebates, and (4) reduction of import taxes for clean technologies (Roaf et al 2022).…”