A Framework for Extended Reality System Development in Manufacturing

Abstract

This paper presents a framework for developing extended reality (XR) systems within manufacturing context. The aim of this study is to develop a systematic framework to improve the usability and user acceptance of future XR systems. So that manufacturing industry can move from the "wow effect" of XR demonstrators into the stage whereas XR systems can be successfully integrated and improve the conventional work routines. It is essential to ensure the usability and user acceptance of XR systems for the wider adoption in manufacturing. The proposed framework was developed through six case studies that covered different XR system developments for different application areas of manufacturing. The framework consists of five iterative phases: (1) requirements analysis, (2) solution selection, (3) data preparation, ( 4) system implementation and (5) system evaluation. It is validated through one empirical case and seven identified previous studies, which partly aligned with the proposed framework. The proposed framework provides a clear guideline on the steps needed to integrate XR in manufacturing and it extends the XR usage with increased usability and user acceptance. Furthermore, it strengthens the importance of usercentered approach for XR system development in manufacturing.

Bayesian Structure Learning and Visualization for Technology Analysis

“…VR is another world created using computer technology, which means an environment that users believe to be real [1,5,22]. AR is a variation of VR which combines real and virtual environments [1,5,22,23]. We can interact with the real world in virtual environment by VR technology [1,5,22,23].…”

“…AR is a variation of VR which combines real and virtual environments [1,5,22,23]. We can interact with the real world in virtual environment by VR technology [1,5,22,23]. MR is defined as an environment which represents real and virtual worlds at the same time [1,5,23].…”

“…We can interact with the real world in virtual environment by VR technology [1,5,22,23]. MR is defined as an environment which represents real and virtual worlds at the same time [1,5,23]. Therefore, XR technology expands human senses and cognition into a virtual world that contains experiences and emotions similar to real life based on information and communication technology (ICT).…”

“…Extended reality (XR) technology, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR), has been rapidly developing in recent years and have a lot of influence on our society in various fields such as education, psychology, firefighting, culture and manufacturing [1][2][3][4][5][6]. As our daily life is increasingly dependent on XR technology, we need to have a good understanding of this technology.…”

Enabling Distance Learning and Remote Collaboration in Layout and Process Planning

“…Riemann et al [7] compared physical and virtual learning factory counterparts, while Brinson [5] pointed out that in certain branches and skill types, remote or virtual didactic solutions may even perform better than traditional hands-on work. Examples for the use of virtual components have recently been presented by Nylund et al [8] (an entirely virtual flexible manufacturing environment); Grube et al [9] and Jara et al [10] (digital twins with physical counterparts); Gong et al [11] (extended reality, also in conjunction with physical hands-on activity); or García-Vela et al [12] (comparable virtual vs. physical considerations in geosciences).…”