“…These changes produce different effects (see further details and references in Daraio 2019, Table 24.2, p. 644) (i) on the demand side (those that ask for research assessment) including an increase of institutional and internal assessments, (ii) on the supply side (those that offer research assessment) including proliferation of rankings, development of Altmetrics, open access repositories, new assessment tools and desktop bibliometrics), (iii) on scholars (the increase of "publish or perish" pressure, impact on the incentives, behaviour and misconduct, and increasing critics against traditional bibliometric indicators), (iv) on the assessment process (increasing the complexity of the research assessment) and on the indicators' development. Daraio (2017) showed that the formulation of models (in this paper we will use metrics and indicators interchangeably) is necessary to assess the meaning, validity and robustness of metrics. It was observed that developing models is important for learning about the explicit consequences of assumptions, for testing the assumptions, for documenting and verifying the assumptions, for systematizing the problem and the choices done.…”