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Modern systems are increasingly connected and more integrated with other existing systems, giving rise to systems‐of‐systems (SoS). An SoS consists of a set of independent, heterogeneous systems that interact to provide new functionalities and accomplish global missions through emergent behavior manifested at runtime. The distinctive characteristics of SoS, when contrasted to traditional systems, pose significant research challenges within software engineering. These challenges motivate the need for a paradigm shift and the exploration of novel approaches for designing, developing, deploying, and evolving these systems. The International Workshop on Software Engineering for Systems‐of‐Systems (SESoS) series started in 2013 to fill a gap in scientific forums addressing SoS from the software engineering perspective, becoming the first venue for this purpose. This article presents a study aimed at outlining the evolution and future trajectory of software engineering for SoS based on the examination of 57 papers spanning the 11 editions of the SESoS workshop (2013–2023). The study combined scoping review and scientometric analysis methods to categorize and analyze the research contributions concerning temporal and geographic distribution, topics of interest, research methodologies employed, application domains, and research impact. Based on such a comprehensive overview, this article discusses current and future directions in software engineering for SoS.
Modern systems are increasingly connected and more integrated with other existing systems, giving rise to systems‐of‐systems (SoS). An SoS consists of a set of independent, heterogeneous systems that interact to provide new functionalities and accomplish global missions through emergent behavior manifested at runtime. The distinctive characteristics of SoS, when contrasted to traditional systems, pose significant research challenges within software engineering. These challenges motivate the need for a paradigm shift and the exploration of novel approaches for designing, developing, deploying, and evolving these systems. The International Workshop on Software Engineering for Systems‐of‐Systems (SESoS) series started in 2013 to fill a gap in scientific forums addressing SoS from the software engineering perspective, becoming the first venue for this purpose. This article presents a study aimed at outlining the evolution and future trajectory of software engineering for SoS based on the examination of 57 papers spanning the 11 editions of the SESoS workshop (2013–2023). The study combined scoping review and scientometric analysis methods to categorize and analyze the research contributions concerning temporal and geographic distribution, topics of interest, research methodologies employed, application domains, and research impact. Based on such a comprehensive overview, this article discusses current and future directions in software engineering for SoS.
CONTEXT: The evolution of business processes has driven the integration of systems-of-systems (SoS) across various domains, leveraging technologies such as cloud computing, e-commerce platforms, and smart environments. In this context, the integration of various heterogeneous and independent constituents systems include information systems that collaborate to achieve business goals. Hence, the accountability of these systems must be a concern, but traditional accountability approaches can obscure the responsibility and ownership of data, processes, and outcomes. PROBLEM: This complexity often results in studies offering specific solutions, then highlighting the ongoing need for a shared understanding of accountability. Furthermore, establishing accountability as a quality requirement poses a significant challenge due to limited research and an undefined agenda for underlying challenges. SOLUTION: This paper presents an overview of accountability from reporting on the current landscape to proposing a research agenda to address existing challenges. METHOD: The study adopts a prescriptive approach based on a systematic mapping study. RESULTS: The study yields insights into accountability, and a research agenda when identifying seven topics for further investigation. CONCLUSION: By consolidating knowledge on accountability, this study facilitates the expansion of the body of knowledge on the field and brings new inquiry to inspire innovative solutions.
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