“…Indeed, carbon taxes and emission trading schemes can be particularly effective in reducing emissions (Andersson, 2019[12]; Dechezleprêtre, Nachtigall and Venmans, 2018 [13]; Abrell, Kosch and Rausch, 2022 [14]). However, the causal impact of labelling or information campaigns can be more difficult to estimate and may be smaller (Lohmann et al, 2022[15]; Cohen and Vanderbergh, 2012 [16]; Andor, Gerster and Peters, 2022 [17]). If allocating emission reductions to different overlapping policies is not feasible, one could focus on the total effect of overlapping policies.…”